Larvicidal Action of Leaf and Seed of Ricinus Communis Against Anopheles Species

Abstract

Mosquito-borne diseases remain major public health challenges throughout the world, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. Species of Anopheles mosquitoes act as principal vectors of malaria and contribute substantially to global morbidity and mortality. Continuous use of synthetic insecticides has resulted in environmental pollution, development of insect resistance, and adverse effects on non-target organisms. Therefore, there is increasing interest in identifying eco-friendly and plant-derived alternatives for mosquito control. The present study evaluated the larvicidal potential of leaf and seed extracts of Ricinus communis against Anopheles larvae. R. communis contains several biologically active compounds including alkaloids, flavonoids, ricinine, phenolic compounds, and toxic proteins that may exert insecticidal activity. Plant extracts were prepared from leaves and seeds using solvent extraction procedures and tested at varying concentrations against third and fourth instar Anopheles larvae under laboratory conditions. Mortality responses were recorded after 24 and 48 hours of exposure. Results demonstrated concentration-dependent larval mortality with seed extracts showing comparatively greater toxicity than leaf extracts. Increased mortality rates were observed at higher concentrations, suggesting the effectiveness of plant-derived compounds in disrupting larval physiological activities. The larvicidal activity may be associated with phytochemical constituents that interfere with metabolic and neurological functions in mosquito larvae. The findings indicate that Ricinus communis possesses promising larvicidal properties and may provide an environmentally sustainable alternative for mosquito vector management. Further studies involving isolation of active compounds, field trials, and evaluation of non-target effects are recommended before large-scale applications.