Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology

Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Activities of Vernonia amygdalina

Fri, 28 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Vernonia amygdalina is a small tree that can grow to a height of ten metres. It is sometimes referred to as bitter leaf due to the fact that its leaves have a bitter bitter flavour and its branches are frail. Although its natural habitat is in tropical Africa, it may be found all over the world in regions that receive an average rainfall of 750–2000 millimetres. These regions include areas that are adjacent to rivers and lakes, as well as forests and grasslands that are located up to an elevation of 2800 metres. The plant is mostly employed as a medicinal herb in the context of traditional medical practices. The plant contains a variety of phytoconstituents, the most important of which are phenol, oxalate, phytates, tannins, flavonoids, cyanogenic glycosides, alkaloids, terpenes, anthraquinone, steroids, coumarins, lignans, xanthones, edotides, sesquiterpenes, and phenol. There are a number of advantages associated with this plant, including its capacity to alleviate fever and pain, as well as its antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, chemoprotective, and cytotoxic activities.

Ethanopharmacology of Myrica esculenta: A Systemic Review

Abhik Kumar, Harsimran Singh, Devinder Kumar, Vineet Kapoor — Fri, 28 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0000

This systematic review focuses on Myrica Esculenta, a medicinal plant with a rich history in traditional medicine. The aim of the review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the ethnopharmacology of the plant, including its traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological benefits. Common uses of M. Esculenta include treating respiratory diseases such as asthma and bronchitis, as well as gastrointestinal problems such as diarrhea and ulcers. The plant is also used to treat fever, anemia and various ear, nose and throat diseases. With its recognition in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia and its widespread use in folk medicine, M. Esculenta has significant ethnopharmacological value. Through phytochemical analysis, flavonoids, tannins, steroids and terpenes have been identified as the plant's main components, which are believed to contribute to its medicinal properties such as analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-cancer effects. Pharmacological studies have confirmed the therapeutic potential of M. Esculenta and demonstrated its antiasthmatic, antiulcerative, anxiolytic, hepatoprotective and wound healing properties. Conservation measures are crucial to protect the plant from over-exploitation and habitat loss. Suggestions such as micropropagation, germplasm preservation and synthetic seed production make sense for sustainable use.

Review of the Clinical Types of Dermatophytes

Fri, 21 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Fungi known as dermatophytes require keratin in order to develop. "Ringworm" is the common term for superficial fungus infections that affect the skin's keratinized layers and its limbs in both humans and animals. These fungi have the potential to superficially infect nails, hair, and skin. Ringworm fungi have the ability to penetrate all layers of skin. Dermatophytes can be transmitted directly by people (anthropophilic organisms), indirectly by fomites, and by animals (zoophilic organisms), soil (geophilic organisms), and other people. Dermatophytes are the cause of the medical condition known as dermatophytosis. Approximately 25% of the global population suffers from dermatophytosis, and no human population is immune to these mycotic disorders. There are three genera in total. the more than twenty species of dermatophytes: Trichophyton, Microsporum, and Epidermophyton. By providing reliable epidemiological data, it is imperative that we expand broaden public knowledge of the importance of these illnesses and deepen our understanding of fungal biology and pathology. Ecological classifications, clinical potential for pathogenicity manifestations, and "chemical and natural" dermatophytosis therapy alternatives are some of the review themes.

Study on the Various Diseases Association with Covid-19

Jay Prakash, Shivani Lodha, Dr. Yusra Ahmad — Wed, 19 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0000

In December 2019, the source of the second severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) was Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China. The disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus was officially named COVID-19 on February 11, 2020, by the World Health Organization (WHO). COVID-19 typically affects the lungs and causes a variety of symptoms, including fever, dry cough, and fatigue. The general public is at high risk of contracting SARS-CoV-2 because of how easily it can spread. Quick action has been taken by the Chinese government and scientific community to determine the source of the outbreak, communicate the viral gene sequence, and manage the pandemic. To find observational studies on COVID-19 risk estimations, this meta-analysis used PubMed, SciELO, and Web of Science data. Different data formats were utilized in the development of COVID-19 data search and collecting methods, including Emtree, meth words, and free text comprising phrases such as COVID-2019, SARS Cov-2, and MERS Cov-2. Clinical, demographic, medical, and epidemiological features were the primary foci of these approaches. The most susceptible hospital patient populations to contracting COVID-19 were determined by this meta-analysis study, which also detailed methods for preventing this illness. Coronavirus infection disease19 individuals' medication histories and illness risk assessments are the subjects of this meta-analysis.

Systematic Review on Association of Various Disease with Covid-19

Jay Prakash, Shivani Lodha — Wed, 19 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The SARS-CoV-2 virus, which causes COVID-19, initially emerged in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China, in early December 2019. On January 30, 2020, the World Health Organisation proclaimed the pandemic a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. There have been 49,053 confirmed cases and 1,381 fatalities globally as of February 14, 2020. The risk of developing severe COVID-19 is increased in some congenital disorders, according to reported studies, because these conditions often come with pre-existing co-morbidities that impact the circulatory and respiratory systems, leading to potentially life-threatening pneumonia. A high risk for severe COVID-19 infection is not associated with congenital disorders other than those listed, even though they cause psychological discomfort in patients. A higher risk of developing new-onset diabetes among survivors was associated with COVID-19, according to this review. Glucose dysregulation must be closely monitored throughout the recovery process from SARS-CoV-2 infection. The SARS-CoV-2 virus has unleashed a COVID-19 pandemic that rivals the size of the 1918 flu pandemic. Although respiratory symptoms predominate, neurological symptoms are also being more acknowledged as a possible clinical manifestation. It is expected that SARS-CoV-2 will create many issues impacting the central nervous system or peripheral nervous system, based on what is known about previous coronaviruses like the ones that caused SARS and the Middle East respiratory syndrome outbreaks. Diabetes mellitus and arterial hypertension are risk factors for cardiovascular disease; the impact of COVID-19 on these conditions may not be fully recognised. Recent research suggests that a family history of COVID-19 infection may raise the risk of various cardiovascular diseases to a level comparable to those of established risk factors for this condition. Furthermore, the risk of developing CVD and the severity of its symptoms are both increased in patients with a preexisting condition, such as myocarditis, acute coronary syndrome, heart failure (HF), thromboembolic consequences, or arrhythmias. Direct viral penetration into cardiovascular tissue and activation of a robust systemic inflammatory response are two hypothesised methods by which COVID-19 may influence CVD and CV risk.

Quantifying Protein and Nitrogen Levels in Paramphistomum species

Dr. Sheela Gupta — Tue, 28 Feb 2023 00:00:00 +0000

Quantifying protein and nitrogen levels in Paramphistomum species is crucial for understanding their biochemical composition and metabolic processes. This study aimed to assess the total protein and nitrogen content in Paramphistomum spp. employing established assay techniques. The Folin phenol method, a widely recognized approach for protein estimation, and Varley's method for nitrogen determination were utilized. Our findings revealed that Paramphistomum spp. contained approximately 49.18% total protein and 3.57% total nitrogen by dry weight. These results underscore the applicability of traditional assay methods in elucidating the biochemical profiles of helminth parasites, offering valuable data for further research on their physiological characteristics and nutritional requirements.

Amino Acid Profile Analysis of Paramphistomum Species

Dr. Sheela Gupta — Mon, 31 Oct 2022 00:00:00 +0000

This study investigates the amino acid profiles of various species of Paramphistomum, a group of parasitic flatworms known to affect livestock. By analyzing the amino acid composition, we aim to better understand the nutritional and metabolic needs of these parasites. Our findings reveal distinct amino acid profiles across different Paramphistomum species, which could have implications for developing targeted treatments and control measures. This research provides valuable insights into the biochemical characteristics of these parasites and underscores the importance of amino acid profiling in parasitology.

Understanding the Concept of Second Prescription in Homeopathy

Dr. S. N. Sharma, Dr. Sanskriti Mishra — Mon, 17 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Homeopathy, a system of alternative medicine founded by Samuel Hahnemann in the late 18th century, operates on the principle of "like cures like" – a substance that causes symptoms in a healthy person can be used to treat similar symptoms in a sick person. One of the distinguishing features of homeopathic treatment is the concept of individualization, wherein each patient is treated as a unique case, and prescriptions are tailored to their specific symptoms and constitution. In some cases, particularly chronic conditions, a second prescription may be required to further address the patient's evolving symptoms and overall health.

Evaluation and Formulation of Anti-Microbial Gel Using Lavender Oil and Rosemary Oil

Sunil Gupta, Parul Bisht, Shivanand Patil — Fri, 14 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Introduction: Salvia Rosemary is a medicinal herb of great importance for traditional applications against several kinds of disease. Because of the range of bioactive compounds, the genus of Salvia Rosemary is regarded as one of the most significant genus utilised in many medical systems. This plant was chemically investigated for its bioactive compounds in the current analysis.

Materials and Methods: The essential oil of Rosemary extract by using clevenger apparatus with the help of distillation method.

Result: The anti-microbial gel was evaluated for appearance and homogeneity, grittiness, pH, viscosity, particle size etc. The anti-microbial gel was white in colour which feels smooth on application and have aromatic odour. The antimicrobial activity of herbal gel was compared with standard and it’s found to be less effective.

Conclusion: It was inferred from the result that anti-microbial gel was good in appearance, homogeniety and easily spreadable. The anti-microbial gel was prepared using gelling agent like carbopol 934 along with polyethylene glycol and the formulation were subjected to various evaluation parameters. The pH of all three formulations were in the range of the pH of the skin. The Antimicrobial gel was less effective then standard gel as they have rosemary oil and lavender oil as their key ingredients because of their anti-microbial property.

Evaluation of the Antioxidant Activity of a Leaf Extract of Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon)

Kundan Kumar Kushwaha, Rita Saini, Shivanand M. Patil — Fri, 14 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Introduction: Cranberry (Vaccinium Macrocarpon) is one of the extremely accessible conventionally used herbal plants with various biological activities. However, actions of Cranberry on antioxidant properties and chemically investigated for its phytoconstituents in the current studied. Therefore, the scope of the current exploration is to screen the antioxidant effects of leaf extracts.

Materials and Methods: The antioxidant activity (in vitro) was assessed with UV Spectroscopic. Hydrogen peroxide (free radical) scavenging methods were employed to check the in vitro antioxidant property.

Result: Plant methanol, Ether and Distilled water extract had a substantial impact on the hydrogen peroxide radical activity of scavenging and less effects than the standard radical activity and the bioactive compound like flavanoids, tannins and glycosides were shown to be positive.

Conclusion: These findings suggested that the plant leaves are comprised of significant antioxidant properties. It could be a promising source for the existence of antioxidant properties and other therapeutic agents.

Qualitative Investigation and Screening of Antimicrobial Activity of Stem Extract of Clerodendrum Infortunatum Plant

Dipendra Singh, Rita Saini, Shivanand Patil — Fri, 14 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Clerodendrum infortunatum is also known as hill glory bower. Clerodendrum infortunatum plants are widely distributed throughout the whole world. Up to now, many species of C. infortunatum have been described in various indigenous systems of medicine that are used in preparation of folklore medicines for the treatment of various life-threatening disease, and more of the Clerodendrum infortunatum have been very well studied for their chemical constituents and biological activities It also used in Unani, Ayurveda, and siddha system of medicine for many years. In the Clerodendrum Infortunatum many compounds, including monoterpentine and its derivatives, sesquiterpene, di-terpenoids, tri-terpentine, flavonoid, quercetin, acacetin, gallic acid, sterols and flavonoid glycoside, phenylethanoid glycoside, steroids and steroid glycosides, cyclohexylethanoids, anthraqunine, cyanogenic glycosides, and others have been isolated and identified. In the present study, Chloroform, pet.ether, and water stem extract Clerodendrum infortunatum obtained by Soxhlet extraction was screened to detect the presence or absence of several bioactive compounds which are reported to cure different diseases. Anti-microbial analysis of stem extract was carried out against lacto-bacillus, E.coli and staphylococcus aureus organisms by agar well diffusion method.It was observed that the zone was recorded against this organism. The results indicates that the chloroform, pet.ether and water extract of C. infortunatum is having anti- microbial efficiency in controlling the microorganisms. So, clerodendrum infortunatum is the plant which are benificial on human health.

A Comprehensive Review on Microsponges Drug Delivery Systems

Sandesh Sah, Arti Kohri, Shivanand Patil — Fri, 14 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The special qualities of microsponges are making them a promising drug delivery system. These cross-linked, highly porous polymer particles have the capacity to encapsulate and release medications in a regulated fashion. Microsponges can effectively entrap both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs, improving their stability and preventing drug degradation, thanks to their large internal surface area and adjustable pore sizes. Innovative drug delivery devices known as microsponges have drawn a lot of interest from the pharmaceutical industry. The controlled and sustained release of medications is made possible by these porous, polymeric structures, which also minimise side effects and increase patient compliance. These systems also provide regulated release kinetics, which enhance bioavailability and minimise adverse effects. Because microsponges can be used topically or orally, they can be used for a wide range of therapeutic purposes. The potential of microsponges as adaptable drug delivery devices that could completely change the pharmaceutical formulation industry.

A Comparative Study of In Vitro Antibacterial Activity Capacity of Leaf Extract of Zanthoxylum armatum (Timur)

Himanshu Lunthi, Rita Saini, Shivanand Patil — Fri, 14 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Zanthoxylum armatum also known as Timru and toothache tree. This is a sub deciduous aromatic, branched, scandent, or erect shrub or a small tree that grows to 6–7 meter in height and belongs to the Rutaceous family. This plant is common in the hot valleys of the Himalayas from Jammu to Bhutan, Nepal, and Pakistan. It covers a considerable portion of Orissa and Andhra Pradesh in India This plant is considered as a divine plant in contiguous areas. The seeds contain many important phytoconstituents and essential oils which contribute to its biological activities including larvicidal, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antinociceptive, antioxidant, antibiotic, hepatoprotective, antiplasmodial, cytotoxic, antiproliferative, anthelmintic, antiviral and antifungal. It contains alkaloids, essential oil, resins, sterols, triterpenes, glycosides, saponins, tannins and flavonoids. Because of its Significant medicinal properties and excessive increase in demand has put this plant in the category of endangered plants. This research paper focuses on the Antibacterial activity of the zanthoxylum armatum plant.

Investigating the Prevalence of Urinary Incontinence among Women in Northern Afghanistan

Dr. Abdul Ali Yaqubi, Prof. Dr. Abdul Qayum Hakimi, Dr. Qais Afzali — Fri, 14 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Incontinence is a physical disability that is associated with social isolation and leads to anxiety, depression and reduced self-confidence. This disease is a common medical problem that may have adverse effects on their quality of life and social relationships. This descriptive-cross-sectional study was conducted in Mazar-e-Sharif in 1400-1401. The statistical population of this research consists of all women referring to Hakimi hospital. The samples included 100 women with the age of 40-60 years who had visited the hospital with various complaints including urinary incontinence. Sampling was simple random and 79 people were selected using Morgan's table. The data was collected with the help of a questionnaire and then entered into the SPSS 28 software for analysis. The findings show that among the (79) respondents, (39) respondents were between 40-50 years old, and (40) respondents were between 50-60 years old. (20) between the ages of 60-70 kg, (29) between 70-90 kg and (30) more than 90 kg. Among the patients, (12) had given birth 1-2 times, (28) had a normal birth and (34) had a non-normal birth (cesarean section). The average and standard deviation of the age of the participants was 80.5 ± 5.41 years, the average weight was 90.13 ± 12.98 kilograms, the average number of births was 4.23 ± 1.82, the average number of normal births was 3.42 ± 3.82, and the average number of non-normal or cesarean births was 29.16 ± 4.28. Urinary incontinence type was observed in (12) forte (15%), (44) combined (56%), (10) continuous (10%) and stress (13) tons (16%). The findings show that among the prevalence factors among patients, home birth (38%) and diabetes (25.4%) are among the most common causes of urinary incontinence among women. There was also a significant relationship between the use of contraceptives and incontinence. In the present study, there was a statistically significant relationship between age and suffering from administrative incontinence.

Inspection of Hygiene and Vaccination of Broiler Chickens in Maimana City and Pashtonkot District

Mohammad Arif Noorzad, Saifullah Saadat — Thu, 13 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Poultry farming is a good means of generating income and employment for the people of a country. In addition to having a good income, this industry; it prepares good food for humans, which is economical on the one hand, and on the other hand, chicken products are the best food for humans in Afghanistan and in the world. The purpose of this research is to clarify and explain the current state of hygiene and vaccination of broiler chickens. The research that has been done is a field research and three methods of observation, interview and questionnaire have been used to collect information. The result of the research showed that in 55 percent of Maimane farms, hygiene issues were observed, in 20 percent of farms, the hygiene conditions were relatively good, and in the broiler industry, in the research areas, respectively, ND+IB, IBD- A, IBD-B, and ND were the mentioned vaccines used in both research areas. The only difference between them in Maimana and Pashtankot district was the percentage of their implementation or use, so that ND and IB in Maimana in the period First, 100% was used, while 80% was used in the farms of Pashtankot district, and the amount of other vaccines were also different in Maimanah and Pashtankot districts.

Epidemiology Aspects of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in The East Zone of Afghanistan

Asady Rohullah, Ahmadzai Hayatullah — Thu, 13 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Localized cutaneous leishmaniasis (LCL) is a vector-borne disease commonly caused by the flagellate parasites Leishmania tropica or L. major in the Old World. The clinical features of the leishmaniases differ, and in general, these diseases have different geographic distributions. The face, hands, and feet represent the body parts that are most frequently infected by the parasite. If not treat promptly Lieshmania causes permanent scars, in Aghanistan it has become a significant social issue due to limited awareness and the perception that those who suffer from Leishmanian scars are flawed individuals.

Methods: This is prospective cross-sectional study conducted from March2023 to February 2024 in Nangarhar University Teaching Hospital including all those patients who had cutaneous Lieshmaniasi.

Result: Over the course of a year, this study was carried out in the dermatology department of Nangarhar University Teaching Hospital. 26574 patients visited the Dermatology department this year; 347 (1.3%) of them had cutaneous leishmaniasis, male were more affected by the disease (63.2%); majority of the affected individuals were resident of the rural areas (82.42%) and (84.43%) were represented with ulcerated lesions. five individuals complained about the disease for two years, and one person for four years.

Conclusion: Illiteracy, poverty and rural life contribute to the disease’s high incidence in the east zone of Afghanistan. This data can assist health authorities in identifying new focuses, developing an effective strategy for providing health services to the poor in this area

Current Approaches of Tuberculosis and Its Future Prospectives

Anamika, Dr. Assem Babbar — Mon, 12 Jun 2023 00:00:00 +0000

Tuberculosis is a major global health issue, with approximately 10 million people falling ill and 1.4 million dying yearly. One of the most significant challenges to public health is the emergence of drug-resistant tuberculosis. For the last half-century, treating tuberculosis has adhered to a uniform management strategy in most patients. However, treatment ineffectiveness in some individuals with pulmonary tuberculosis presents a major challenge to the global tuberculosis control initiative. Unfavorable outcomes of tuberculosis treatment (including mortality, treatment failure, loss of follow-up, and unevaluated cases) may result in increased transmission of tuberculosis and the emergence of drug-resistant strains. Treatment failure may occur due to drug-resistant strains, non-adherence to medication, inadequate absorption of drugs, or low-quality healthcare. Identifying the underlying cause and adjusting the treatment accordingly to address treatment failure is important. This is where approaches such as artificial intelligence, genetic screening, and whole genome sequencing can play a critical role. In this review, we suggest a set of particular clinical applications of these approaches, which might have the potential to influence decisions regarding the clinical management of tuberculosis patients.

Current Strategies for Monitoring and Control of IAQ

Dr. Renu Agarwal, Ravi Kumar — Sun, 02 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The focuses of this paper is on the critical importance of indoor air quality (IAQ) and the need for innovative monitoring systems to enhance occupants' quality of life while balancing energy efficiency.

Development of Materials for IAQ Sensors , Enhanced Sensitivity and Selectivity, Miniaturization and Integration, Wireless Connectivity and IoT Integration,Long-Term Stability and Reliability, Cost-Effectiveness and Scalability, Air Purification Technologies for IAQ Improvement, HEPA Filtration, Ionic Air Purification, Photocatalytic Oxidation (PCO), Electrostatic Precipitation, Hybrid Air Purification Systems, Smart Home for IAQ Control Sensor Technology, Data Analytic, Automated Ventilation, Air Filtration and Purification, Smart Thermostats and HVAC Controls, Mobile Apps and User Interfaces,Integration with Smart Home Ecosystems, Air Purification Technologies for IAQ Improvement, . Smart Home for IAQ Control.

These strategies collectively empower individuals and building managers to monitor, analyze, and optimize indoor air quality, leading to healthier indoor environments. The use of advanced materials, innovative sensors, and smart technologies enables real-time data-driven decisions, promoting sustainable and effective IAQ management.

The overall aim is to mitigate the risks associated with indoor air pollution and ensure that indoor environments remain clean, safe, and healthy for occupants. Ongoing research and technological advancements continue to drive progress in this important field, making IAQ management increasingly accessible and effective for diverse settings and populations.

Green Techniques for Energy Providing

Dr. Renu Agarwal, Nikita Tarar — Sun, 02 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The pressing global challenges of pollution, resource depletion, and climate change. This abstract provides an overview of modern approaches in green chemistry, focusing on key principles and practices that are transforming the way we design, produce, and use chemicals. Several critical keywords are highlighted to better understand the evolving landscape of green chemistry, including sustainable synthesis, renewable feedstocks, catalysis, atom economy, and eco-friendly processes. By adopting these approaches, researchers and industries are striving to minimize the environmental impact of chemical processes and develop innovative solutions to safeguard the planet for future generations. This abstract serves as a primer for exploring the latest developments and trends in green chemistry, offering valuable insights for those committed to sustainable and responsible chemistry practices.

Study the Effect of Animal Manure, Nitrogen and Phosphorus on Growth, Yield and Yield Components Traits of Mungbean

Basir Ahmad Sarvari, Aimal Nahiz, Mohammad Yar Malakzai, Mohammad Khan Wasifhy — Sun, 02 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The field experiment was conducted to assess the effect of different fertilizers sources such as animal manure (AM), Nitrogen (N) and Phosphorus (P) fertilizers on growth, yield and yield components of Mungbean (Vigna radiate L.) during 2019 The applied levels of mentioned sources were (0, 30 ton ha¹), (0, 25 & 50 N kg ha^-1) and 0, 50 & 70 P kgha^-1) respectively. The experiment was laid out at the research farm of, Badghis University in factorial split-plot design (SPD) with 3 replications. Each replication consisted of (18) plots with (2m x 2m) size. Animal manure was applied to the main plots while, N and P fertilizers were applied to the subplots of the experiment. The results revealed that, animal manure significantly affected all characteristics of Mungbean except total dry matter, yield, and harvest index. The Interactive effect of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers was found significant for all characteristics of Mungbean, while the interactive effect of AM x N and AM x P was found non-significant for recorded parameters.

Design Formulation and Evaluation of Anti Migraine Mouth Dissolving Tablets Using Different Super Disintegrants

Ravi Shankar Kumar, Loveleen, Indu Passi, Amandeep Kaur, Sandeep Kumar Sharma — Sat, 25 May 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The main objective of this research was to create and evaluate the efficacy of orally disintegrating tablets containing sumatriptan succinate at a dosage of 25 milligrammes, a medicine commonly prescribed for the treatment of migraines. The tablets are made using the direct compression method. In order to achieve best results, the formulations were enriched with microcrystalline cellulose of varying composition (Avicel PH 102), mannitol as a diluent, crospovidone, croscaramellose, and sodium starch glycollate as superdisintegrants. Carbomer (carbopol 940), Sodium CMC, and Sodium Alginate were among the other excipients that were used. When used at varying doses, these excipients act as disintegrants. In addition, magnesium stearate was used as a substance to reduce friction, while talc was used as a substance to improve flow. We assessed each of the excipients to ascertain their compatibility with the model drug. The findings revealed no occurrence of any physical or chemical interaction. Before compression, the preformulation features of the tablet blend were examined. The criteria considered were bulk density, tapped density, compressibility index, and hausner ratio. An assessment was carried out on central tablets to ascertain their dimensions, firmness, tendency to crumble, variability in weight, rate of disintegration, and uniformity of drug content properties. Furthermore, an investigation was conducted to examine the impact of these variables on the release of the drug. The drug release studies were performed in vitro using the USP dissolving apparatus-II (paddle type) with a phosphate buffer solution at a pH of 6.8. The experiments were conducted at a speed of 50 revolutions per minute at a temperature of 37 degrees Celsius, with a standard deviation of 5 degrees Celsius. The sampling was conducted at consistent intervals of 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 minutes. After each withdrawal, an equivalent volume of dissolving medium was replaced with the sample. The ultraviolet (UV) method is employed to evaluate the cumulative quantity of medications that have been discharged at different time intervals. Based on the evaluation results, the F-3 trial formulation, which included 6% crospovidone, was selected as the superior formulation among the superdisintegrants. Conversely, the F-10 trial formulation, which included 2% carbopol 940p, was selected as the superior formulation compared to other basic disintegrants.

Therapeutic Approaches of Nutraceuticals in Neurological Disorders: A Review

Vipul Kumar, Harsh Gupta, Anamika, Roshan Kumar — Sat, 25 May 2024 00:00:00 +0000

A big problem in healthcare around the world is neurological illnesses. There is a huge healthcare and financial burden on society worldwide due to the dramatically increased risk of chronic sickness and diseases linked with posed lifestyle changes. Fine treatment for sick illnesses with few known adverse effects is the goal of research. A number of functional food studies have been launched in the last few decades in an effort to identify meals with enhanced therapeutic activity and reduced adverse effects. As a result, research into nutraceutical therapy for illness prevention and various extraction procedures for disorders has been underway. Progressive memory loss characterises Alzheimer's disease (AD), a neurodegenerative disorder. The pharmaceutical options available today are expensive, come with unwanted side effects, and are in short supply. Scientists and researchers have noticed that nutraceuticals have a big impact. The anti-Alzheimer's efficacy of nutraceuticals was examined in a number of clinical and preclinical investigations. The study of new therapeutic targets, such as the pathophysiological mechanisms and unique cascades, has resulted from the growing understanding of the AD pathogenesis. Therefore, the most effective and well-known nutraceuticals will be showcased in the present development, together with brief mechanisms involving antioxidants, autophagy control, anti-inflammatory, mitochondrial homeostasis, and more. Nutraceuticals have real-world impacts, and getting your hands on phytochemicals and other vital bioactive ingredients from therapeutically active foods is a top priority. Because of this, the term "functional foods" has been muddied and replaced with similar ones such as "pharmafoods," "medifoods," "vita foods," or "medicinal foods." Nutraceuticals are in high demand to counteract neurological interventions, and there is an urgent need to stick to healthy options. Nutraceuticals may play a preventative role in neurological therapies due to the demonstrated correlation between dietary patterns and lifestyle factors and neurodegeneration. Examining high-quality clinical trials is the focus of the present study, which touches on several important neurological topics. In light of nutraceuticals' promise as multi-targeted therapy for Alzheimer's disease, it is critical to assess them as promising lead molecules for the development of new drugs. Prospective studies should, according to the authors' understanding, take into account blood-brain barrier permeability alteration, bioavailability, and features of randomised clinical trials.

Diabetic Retinopathy: Current Understanding, Mechanisms and Treatment Strategies

Mohd Amjad, Harsh Gupta, Anamika, Roshan Kumar, Roshan Kumar — Sat, 25 May 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Researchers have been assuming about the possible connection between the eye and the central nervous system (CNS) for a considerable amount of time. This is primarily due to the fact that the eye is considered to be an extension of the brain, which is a reasonable assumption. The neural tube is the beginning of both structures, and neurons are the building blocks of both structures. Retinal ganglionic cells, also known as RGCs, are a specific type of cell that are found in the retina. These cells are responsible for receiving light signals from the environment around them and then transmitting them to photoreceptors, which are involved in the process of vision. The retina, which is found inside the eye, is responsible for converting light into electrical impulses, which are then sent to the brain through the optic nerve. Glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and diabetic retinopathy are only few of the eye illnesses that can be caused by chronic progressive neurodegeneration of the retina, which is more prevalent in older people. It is the elderly who are most likely to be affected by these eye disorders; nevertheless, younger people are also susceptible to them and may experience permanent vision loss or a reduction in their eyesight. In most cases, neurodegenerative disorders that are characteristic of CSN are characterised by common symptoms and a cause that is only partially understood. Although certain risk factors have been identified, they do not account for all instances. On the other hand, according to a number of studies, several illnesses of the central nervous system (CNS), such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), which are responsible for a significant amount of mortality and morbidity on a global scale, display distinctive alterations at the ocular level. It is helpful to be aware of potential linkages in order to have a better understanding of the mechanics on which onset occurs. In addition, experts have not yet reached a consensus regarding the factors that are responsible for these various disorders. In this overview, the symptoms of ocular illnesses are discussed in detail, with a particular focus on the interaction between the brain and the eye. At some point in the future, a more in-depth understanding could be of assistance in the development of innovative treatments that could help reduce or prevent blindness and improve quality of life.

Hydrogel-Based Drug Delivery Nanosystems for the Treatment of Brain Tumors: A Systematic Review

Subham Kumar, Puja Kumari, Dilip Suthar, Rajeev Ranjan Raj, Aniket Jain — Sat, 25 May 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The limitations and negative effects of current therapeutic techniques for brain tumors necessitate the selection of alternative therapeutic options. Therapeutic hydrogel systems that are monitored by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are one alternative for neurosurgical treatment of brain tumors that does not need any invasive procedures. There is a significant deal of potential for the treatment of brain tumors that can be attributed to the specific physical and chemical properties that hydrogels possess. The ability to encapsulate therapeutic molecules, provide regulated and sustained drug release, and successfully pass the blood-brain barrier are some of the properties that are included in this category. By combining hydrogel systems with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) capabilities, it is possible to design therapeutic approaches that provide regulated release of therapeutic medications and real-time monitoring possibilities. Despite the fact that surgical resection is still extremely important, there is a growing demand for alternatives that can supplement or even replace it. Within the scope of this narrative review, the therapeutic hydrogel systems that are monitored by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) will be evaluated to determine their potential for the non-surgical treatment of brain tumors.

Formulation & Evaluation of Anti Migrane Mouth Dissolving Tablet

Jyotsna Upadhyay, Amle Vandana Sonaji, Farha Naaz — Sat, 25 May 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The objective of this study is to improve the safety, efficacy, and rate of action of the existing molecule by utilising novel techniques to the administration of medication. This will be accomplished by the application of novel approaches. Orally disintegrating pills containing rizatriptan benzoate were made by the direct compression technique in order to provide migraine sufferers with a more expedient manner of gaining relief from their condition. For the purpose of this inquiry, a 32-factororial design method was utilised, and eight different formulations were examined for each of the super disintegrants that were explored. There were a number of tests that were performed on the batches of tablets that were manufactured. These tests included weight variation, hardness, friability, wetting time, invitro dispersion time, drug content, and invitro dissolution. A UV spectrophotometric approach that is easy, sensitive, rapid, accurate, cost-effective, and repeatable was created in order to identify the dose form of Rizatriptan Benzoate tablets. This method was designed in order to determine the dose form. It has been determined that rizatriptan benzoate has the maximum absorbance at a wavelength of 225 nm, and its molar absorption is measured to be 1.619 Ao. According to Beer's law, the application of the law was observed between 1 and 10 μg/ml. In order to validate the conclusions of the investigation, statistical analysis and recovery studies were carried out. In order to validate the method, a number of various criteria were utilised. These criteria included linearity, accuracy, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), Sandell's sensitivity, and specificity were among the criteria that were utilised. The practice of determining the regular dosage of Rizatriptan Benzoate in both tablet and bulk forms was found to be one that is accurate and precise via the utilisation of the preferred method. This was identified through the utilisation of the recommended method. A time period ranging from fifteen to thirty seconds was required for the optimised formulation to be distributed throughout the body. Furthermore, it demonstrated a greater water absorption ratio and released 99.60% of the medication over a period of two minutes and fifteen seconds. This was in addition to everything else that it shown.

Advances in Artificial Intelligence for Infectious Disease Surveillance in Livestock in Zambia

Sat, 25 May 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The global livestock industry grapples with formidable challenges stemming from the escalation and dissemination of infectious diseases. Zambia, an agricultural cornerstone where livestock is pivotal for economic sustenance and food security, confronts the imperative task of effectually surveilling and managing infectious diseases. This study investigates into the possibilities of the application of artificial intelligence (AI) for infectious disease surveillance in the Zambian livestock sector. The study meticulously scrutinizes the prevailing state of infectious disease surveillance, evaluates the latent capabilities of AI technologies, and critically discusses the intricate landscape of challenges and opportunities entailed in their implementation.

In the intricate tapestry of Zambia's economy, livestock farming assumes a central and irreplaceable role, contributing substantially to the well-being and livelihoods of a significant portion of the populace. However, the omnipresent specter of infectious diseases perpetually menaces livestock health, casting a shadow on productivity and economic equilibrium. Conventional methodologies in disease surveillance exhibit inherent shortcomings, characterized by delays in reporting and inherent inaccuracies. This study is an exploration of possibilities of the AI applications designed to fortify infectious disease surveillance within Zambia's livestock domain. The infusion of AI technologies holds the transformative potential to reshape disease monitoring paradigms, enabling early detection and facilitating swift response strategies in the face of emerging threats. The ensuing critical analysis navigates the intricate terrain of the application of AI in the Zambian livestock context, shedding light on its promising prospects, while pragmatically addressing the hurdles that may accompany its incorporation.

Acute Presentation of Autoimmune Hepatitis: Case Report

Jaya Ghosh, Dr. Jhumur Ghosh — Sun, 02 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0000

This case report describes the clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation, and treatment outcome of a 38-year-old female patient presenting with yellow discoloration of eyes and urine, along with associated symptoms such as nausea, poor appetite, abdominal pain, extreme fatigue, and mild joint pain. The patient had a history of amenorrhea for three months and no family history of autoimmune disease or drug-induced liver injury. Upon examination, the patient exhibited deep icterus and mild tender hepatomegaly, but without signs of acute liver failure. Laboratory investigations revealed elevated liver function markers and positive autoimmune antibodies, including antinuclear antibody (ANA) and anti-smooth muscle antibody (ASMA), while ruling out other possible etiologies such as viral hepatitis, Wilson's disease, and hemochromatosis. Imaging studies showed features of acute hepatitis, and liver biopsy could not be performed due to prolonged prothrombin time. The patient was diagnosed with probable autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) and initiated on a treatment regimen consisting of prednisolone 40 mg daily, which was gradually tapered over time and added azathioprine 100 mg daily. The patient demonstrated significant improvement in liver function tests with this treatment approach. However, she discontinued treatment on her own accord but continued to have normal liver function during subsequent follow-up visits. During the consultation, the patient and healthcare provider engaged in a comprehensive discussion concerning the significance of sustained treatment over an extended period and the inherent possibility of relapse.

Investigation of Water Pollution in the Baghlan River Caused by Dust and Wastewater from the Ghori Cement Factory: A Case Study

Mon, 20 May 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Rivers are one of the most crucial fluid ecosystems, primarily due to their freshwater content. Understanding the trends in water quality changes in seas enables the anticipation of future challenges and the implementation of plans to address them. Water quality management necessitates the collection and analysis of a vast amount of data and water quality parameters. To facilitate this, various tools have been developed for simpler assessment of data and water quality, among which water quality indices are highly utilized. The objective of this study is to assess the water quality of the Balkh Sea using the (IRWQISC) and (IRWQIST) indices, alongside examining the levels of heavy metals, cations, anions, and its physical characteristics. Sampling was conducted at two time points: initially in October 2022, with heavy metal analysis performed using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (FAAS), and subsequently in April 2023, where samples were collected from various points, and the concentrations of cations, anions, pH, and electrical conductivity (EC) were measured. Data analysis was carried out using SPSS version 26, and ArcGIS 10.4.1 was employed for map production. The research findings indicate a trend of heavy metal changes as follows: Al>As>Pb>Cd>(Cr=Co=Ni)>Hg. Based on the calculation of the toxicity index (IRWQIST), the studied water falls into the poor category. Consequently, sea water, due to the presence of heavy metals such as lead, cadmium, arsenic, and mercury, is relatively to very toxic and unsuitable for drinking. Additionally, it may cause detrimental effects for other uses such as agriculture and livestock farming.

Applications of Matrix Multiplication

Hayatullah Saeed, Mohammad Azim Nazari — Sun, 02 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0000

In this paper we present some interesting applications of the matrix’s multiplication, that include the Leslie matrix and population change, which we calculate this kind of changes from year to other year by matrix multiplication. Another important part of the paper is Analysis of Traffic Flow, we represent the flow of traffic through a network of one-way streets. Another much important part is the production costs, this is fantastic usage of matrix multiplication, in which, A company manufactures three products. Its production expenses are divided into three categories, here in this paper we well describe this beautiful issue. By matrix multiplication, we can encode and decode messages. To encode a message, we choose an invertible matrix and multiply the uncoded row matrices (on the right) by to obtain coded row matrices, this idea will be clarify by some useful examples. Also we used to study certain relationships between objects by matrix multiplication. We will clarify all of these applications by useful examples. In this paper, we present six different applications of matrix multiplication.

Nutrient Composition of Detoxified Oil Cake from Simarouba glauca

Shafigul Shafiqi, Qiamudin Abad — Fri, 17 May 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The nutritional composition of Simarouba glauca oil cake was evaluated after applying various detoxification treatments, revealing notable effects on moisture, ash, crude fiber, and carbohydrate contents. Methanol treatments led to an increase in moisture content, while fermentation resulted in elevated levels of ash and crude fiber. Conversely, acetic acid treatment led to increased carbohydrate content compared to the control. Overall, these findings indicate that the nutritional status of Simarouba oil cake is minimally affected by detoxification treatments.

Vermicompost: Significance and Benefits for Agriculture

Qiamudin Abad, Shafigul Shafiqi — Fri, 17 May 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Vermicomposting is defined as the process of biodegradation and stabilization of organic materials, facilitated by the collaborative efforts of earthworms and mesophilic microorganisms. The activity of earthworms in vermicomposting results in the production of nutrient-rich vermicompost. This organic amendment is abundant in macro and micronutrients, vitamins, growth hormones, as well as enzymes like proteases, amylases, lipase, cellulase, and chitinase. Additionally, vermicompost harbors a diverse community of immobilized microflora. Even after being excreted by the worms, the enzymes in vermicompost persist in their ability to decompose organic matter, facilitating continued breakdown and nutrient release. The utilization of vermicompost in agricultural production brings forth a multitude of beneficial effects. These include decreased water requirements for irrigation, reduced susceptibility to pest and termite attacks, suppression of weed growth, and enhanced seed germination rates, accelerated growth and development of seedlings, as well as increased yield of fruits per plant in vegetable crops and a higher number of seeds per year in cereal crops. These advantages highlight the positive impact of incorporating vermicompost into agricultural practices, fostering sustainable and productive farming systems. The combination of earthworms and vermicompost presents a valuable opportunity to enhance horticultural production in a sustainable manner, reducing reliance on agrochemical inputs. Despite the numerous benefits associated with vermicompost, its widespread implementation and adoption are still relatively limited. This review aims to raise awareness and promote the understanding of this valuable local soil amendment.

Investigation the Level of Groundwater Pollution with Heavy Metals in Mazar-e-Sharif City

Hamayoun Asim, Shahla Sharifi, Saifurrahman Saidee, Abdul Mobin Azizi — Fri, 17 May 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The majority of drinking and consumable water sources for the residents of Mazar-e-Sharif city are supplied from underground water. Climate variations, depletion of underground water, pollution resulting from human activities, agriculture, industrial processes, and urban development have significantly impacted the quality of underground water in this region. In this research, the quality of groundwater in terms of contamination with heavy metals such as manganese, copper, aluminum, iron, cadmium, mercury, lead, and arsenic was investigated. Twenty-four random well samples were collected based on international sampling standards, and temperature and pH parameters were measured on-site. The concentration of heavy metals was measured using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Data analysis was performed using Excel and SPSS software, and GIS software was utilized for mapping the sampled points. Laboratory results indicated that the lead concentration in wells W6, W11, W20, and W22 was 0.014, 0.013, 0.02, and 0.012 milligrams per liter, respectively. The aluminum concentration in wells W5, W16, and W17 was 0.6, 0.5, and 0.4 milligrams per liter, respectively, and the cadmium concentration in well W3 was 0.005 milligrams per liter. The concentrations in these wells exceeded the recommended limits set by the World Health Organization (WHO). In the remaining wells, the concentrations of heavy metals were below the WHO limits. Descriptive statistics results showed that copper had the highest average concentration, and arsenic had the lowest concentration. Since underground water is the sole source of drinking and consumable water for the city's residents, it is recommended to conduct a systematic study of heavy metal concentrations in groundwater sources to reduce the adverse effects of contaminated water in certain wells.

A Review on Solid Dispersion

Kaur Sharanpreet, Bhatti Farhan, Amisha, Kumar Abhishek — Thu, 25 May 2023 00:00:00 +0000

The majority of patients prefer to take their medications orally. However, many drugs' limited usage in oral administration is a result of their poor solubility. One important element that influences the rate of dissolution and bioavailability is solubility. Increasing the pace at which weakly water-soluble substances dissolve through solid dispersion is useful. medicines, hence affecting its bioavailability. This study focuses on different approaches to solid dispersion preparation, their benefits and significant difficulties.

Isolation and Diagnosis of the Myxozoa Parasitizing in some Fish Species in Tigris River at Salah Al-Din Governorate, Iraq

Al-Shaima M. Jasim, Abdullah H. Abdullah — Sun, 12 May 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The currently study was achieved from February 2021 to end January 2022 to investigate the external and intestinal parasites in some fish species of Tigris river passing Tikrit city. During the period of this study, 580 fish were collected that belonged to seven families and 16 species. These fish are represented 45 Acanthobrama marmid, 40 Alburnus sellal, 30 Arabibarbus grypus, 65 Carasobarbus luteus, 55 Chondrostoma regium, 60 Cyprinion kais, 60 Cyprinius carpio, 50 Leuciscus vorax, 21 Luciobarbus xanthopterus, 14 Squalius Lepidus, 13 Mystus pelusius, 10 Silurus triostegus, 10 Heterropneutes fossilis, 12 Mastacembelus mastacemblus, 30 Coptodon zilli and 65 Planiliza abu.

This study diagnosis 12 species of Myxoblus: M. bouixi, M. bramae, M. branchiophilus, M. cyprinicola, M. dispar, M. ellipsoides, M. infundibulatus, M. koi, M. magnus, M. molnari, M. musculi, and M. shaerica.

Studying the Effect of Cholesterol and Activin a Hormone on Inducing Abortion in Pregnant Women

Noor Hasan Ahmed — Sun, 12 May 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The current study aimed to show the relationship between the levels of (activin-A hormone) and the concentration of lipids cholesterol) and the occurrence of some cases of Abortion and threatened pregnancy The study included 150 blood samples taken from aborted women and women with a threatened pregnancy, which is diagnosed by ultrasound scan and other methods such as clinical examinations and the history of the pregnant woman. Their ages ranged between (16-45) who visited Tikrit Teaching Hospital and private outpatient clinics. It was divided into three groups: The first included 50 blood samples from aborted women, 20 blood samples from women with a threatened pregnancy, and 20 blood samples from women with normal pregnancies as a control group. Blood samples were taken during the first trimester of pregnancy. The results of this study showed a significant increase in the concentration of (activin-A hormone) at a significant level (P ≤ 0.05) in the aborted women group .And women threatened with abortion compared with the control group, as well as a significant increase in the level of lipids (cholesterol) at a significant level (P ≤ 0.05)in the abortion group and the group of women threatened with abortion compared with the control group.

Biomarker Evaluation in Toxoplasma gondii-infected Patients

Wahaj Muwafaq Sabah, Ali Mohammed Abed — Sun, 12 May 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Back ground: This study used Toxoplasma IgG/IgM Antibody Rapid test to detect Toxoplasmosis in pregnant women and evaluate their lipid profile compared to a healthy control group.

The aim of the study: Serodiagnosis of parasite infection in aborted pregnant women using the rapid detection method. Evaluating the level of some immunological parameters in infected women such as IL17-A, TNA-, lactoferrin, shedding light on the lipid profile of parasite-infected women.

Patients and Methods: blood samples 240 were collected from aborted pregnant women attending some governmental hospitals and private medical clinics in some areas of Salah al-Din Governorate during the period from 1/7/2022 to 1/2/2023 and the required information was recorded according to a special questionnaire form.

The results: were analyzed statistically using the IBM SPSS Statistics (version 23) program, according to the t-test, at a significant level of p≤0.05. The results of Rapid Test (93 positive samples) 38.7% (divided into 80) 86.02% (positive samples for IgG, while 13 sample) 13.97% (positive for IgM and 147 negative samples) 61.25%. (There is a positive correlation between (LTF, IL-17A, TNF-a) (highly significant). The lipid profile analysis revealed a non-significant increase for each of cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in infected women, as Mean ± S.E concentration was (168.4±8.2 Pg/ml); (33±1.5pg/ml) respectively, compared to the control group, where the Mean ± S.E concentration was (141.6±15.5 Pg/ml); (28±3.09Pg/ml) respectively. While there was a non-significant decrease in each of LDL, very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), and triglycerides in pateints group, as Mean ± S.E concentration was (80.6±3.7pg/ml); (45.4±1.07 pg/ml); (159.7±4 pg/ml), respectively, compared to the control group, where the average concentration was (84.3±5.3pg/ml); (48.6±2pg/ml) 161.3±6.7pg/ml) respectively.

Investigating of Protozoa Parasites in Some Fish Species in Tigris River-Salah Al-Din Governorate

Al-Shaima M. Jasim, Abdullah H. Abdullah — Sun, 12 May 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The currently study was achieved from February 2021 to end January 2022 in order to investigate the external and intestinal parasites in some fish species of Tigris River passing Tikrit city. During the period of this study, 580 fish were collected that belonged to 8 species including Acanthobrama marmid, Alburnus sellal, Chondrostoma regium, Cyprinion kais, Cyprinius carpio, Leuciscus vorax, Mystus pelusius, and Planiliza abu. Also, it involves 6 species of protozoa as following: Eimeria sinensis, Apiosoma megamicronucleate, Chilodonella cyprinid, Trichodina domerguei, Trichodina elegini and Trichodina heterodentata.

Planning a Sewage Treatment System for Smart Housing Societies: A Review

Priyabrata Sahu — Fri, 10 May 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Smart housing societies are increasingly incorporating sustainable practices, including on-site sewage treatment. This paper reviews key considerations for planning a sewage treatment system in such communities. Factors like resident population, water usage patterns, and available space are analyzed. Different treatment technologies, including activated sludge, constructed wetlands, and membrane bioreactors, are evaluated for their suitability in smart housing contexts. The integration of smart monitoring and control systems for optimizing treatment processes and water reuse is discussed. Finally, the importance of adhering to local regulations and involving residents in the planning process is highlighted.

Evaluation the Performance of Sine Cosine Algorithm in Solving Pressure Vessel Engineering Design Problem

Ghulam Ali Sabery, Ghulam Hassan Danishyar, Mohammad Arman Osmani — Thu, 13 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The Sine Cosine Algorithm (SCA) is one of the population-based metaheuristic optimization algorithms inspired by the oscillation and convergence properties of sine and cosine functions. The SCA smoothly transits from exploration to exploitation using adaptive range change in the sine and cosine functions. On the other hand, pressure vessel design is a complex engineering structural optimization problem, which aims to find the best possible design for a vessel that can withstand high pressure. This typically involves optimizing the material, shape, and thickness of the vessel to minimize welding, the material, and forming cost while ensuring it meets safety and performance requirements. This paper evaluates the performance of SCA for solving pressure vessel design problems. The result produced by SCA is compared with the results obtained by other well-known metaheuristic optimization algorithms, namely; ABC, ACO, BBO, CMA-ES, CS, DE, GA, GSA, GWO, HSA, PSO, SSO, TLBO and TSA. The experimental results demonstrated that SCA provides a competitive solution to other metaheuristic optimization algorithms with the advantage of having a simple structured search equation. Moreover, the performance of SCA is checked by different numbers of populations and the results indicated that the best possible population size should be 30 and 40. In addition to this, the SCA search agent success rate is checked for different numbers of populations and results show that the search agent success rate do not exceed 4.2%.

The Economical and Geographical Importance of Lapis Route

Mohammad Zaman Samoon, Noor Ahmad Ahmadi — Wed, 08 May 2024 00:00:00 +0000

This research explores the intricate web of the Lapis Route, an ancient trade route that formerly linked Afghanistan with the Mediterranean Sea. This study examines the geographical and historical relevance of this ancient road using a qualitative research approach, building on insights from numerous books, journals, and other sources. It focuses on the valuable lapis lazuli gemstone that contributed to the route's notoriety. The research delves into the various segments of the Lapis Route and its convergence with the Silk Road, unveiling the complex web of commerce that thrived amongst various societies. It reveals the significance of the Silk Road historically and emphasizes how it shaped both economic development and cross-cultural exchange. In addition, the study looks into the economic importance of silk, a highly prized item that traveled the Silk Road and supported the region's economy. The study concludes by examining the historical, cultural, and economic significance of the Silk Road and the Lapis Route in Afghanistan.

The report addresses the opportunities and problems related to transit and commercial development, emphasizing the possible advantages of reviving the Silk Road. It highlights the possibilities that the revival of this historic trade route holds for fostering regional collaboration and economic progress. This study provides important insights into the historical, geographical, and economic relevance of the Silk Road and the Lapis Route by analyzing them. It draws attention to the routes' lasting impact and their potential to support Afghanistan's and the region's future economic growth.

The Natural State of Gardez City

Abdul Hafiz Sulimankhil, Asmatullah Ziar, Saifullah Gharwal — Wed, 08 May 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The present research has been investigated in relation to (the natural state of Gardez city, the center of Paktia province), which was used in the form of quantitative and qualitative research in the year 2021 in the Department of Geography. The city of Gardez is one of the highest centers of the provinces of Afghanistan, whose average height is 2,350 meters, after the center of Bamyan province, whose height is 2,550 above sea level. Therefore, Gardez is the second highest among all the centers in the provinces of Afghanistan. The existence of heights, low points and mountains around Gardez, such as Sulaiman Ghar and Spin Ghar Mountains, has affected the climate of this region. Gardez has an area of about (750) square kilometers. In terms of elevations and lowlands, Gardez can be divided into three parts: mountains, mountain slopes and low-altitude areas, and its famous mountains are Spin Ghar and Suleiman Ghar and other mountains around Gardez called. The local areas are mentioned; it consists of Spin Ghar and Suleiman Ghar Mountains, all these mountains contain 244, 3518 hectares of land in Gardez. Generally, in Gardez, the slopes of these mountains form grassland areas and the low areas are land. Agricultural areas, residential areas, urban areas and government facilities. The Gardez Sea continues its path from the northeast to the southwest of Gardez and has water in the winter and spring seasons, and at the end, after travelling 110 kilometers, the Gardez Sea passes through the Sardah Dam in Ghazni province and stands in the water. The seat falls.

Effect of Different Levels of Nitrogen on Growth, Yield and Productivity of Wheat (Triticum estivum L.) Cv. Koshan-02

Mohammad Hasham Popal, Mohammad Yar Malakzai, Soorgul Sandakhil — Mon, 06 May 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The field experiment was conducted to study the effect of different levels (0, 50, 70, 90 & 110 kg N ha^-1) of Nitrogen (N) on growth, yield and yield related parameters of wheat (cv. Koshan-02) in Kabul agro-climate condition at the Agricultural Research Farm of Kabul University, during spring 2020-21. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications, each replication consisted of five treatments. Total treatments were (15). The size of each plot was (2mx3m=6m²). The result of our study revealed that the plots treated with highest level (110 kg N ha^-1) of N fertilizers produced the highest plant height (85.97cm). maximum number of grains spike^-1 (35.74), the highest dry matter (3.937t ha^-1), The highest number of tillers m^-2 (152.76 m^-2), 1000-grain weight (48.94g), grain yield (2891.1kg/ha) large spike length (10.52), number of grains spikelet^-1 (2.98), Spikelet number spike^-1 (11.54), followed by T₄, T₃ and T₂. It was concluded that all treatments have ranked regarding their efficient effects as ((T5 (110 kg N ha^-1> T4 (90 kg N ha^-1> T₃(70 kg N ha^-1> T₂(50 kg N ha^_1> T_Control) for all growth, yield and yield helping attributes such as plant height, number of grains spike^-1, dry matter (kg ha^-1), number of tillers plant^-1, 1000-grain weight(g), grain yield (kg ha^-1), spike length (cm), number of grains spikelet^-1, number of spikelet spike^-1, spike number m^-2and number of leaves plant^_1. So, for obtaining aimed and desirable yield the application of (110 kg N ha^-1) is recommended under research area conditions (Agro-Climatic Condition).

Descriptive Study of Chicken Pox in the Post Graduated Hospital Khost Afghanistan

Zabit Khan Naibzai, Naim Khan Zadran, Sherzad Gul Sharif, Zafar Khan — Sun, 28 Apr 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Chicken pox is an acute infectious disease of viral etiology, characterized by the appearance of characteristic blistering rash against the background of a general intoxication syndrome. ^{(13, 14)} The causative agent of chickenpox is the herpes virus type 3, transmitted from a patient by airborne droplets. Chickenpox is one of the most common childhood infections. It is manifested by characteristic abundant itchy blistering rashes that appear at the height of fever and general infectious manifestations.^{(15, 16)} A typical clinic allows you to diagnose the disease without conducting any additional research. Treatment of chickenpox is mainly symptomatic. To prevent secondary infection, antiseptic treatment of rash elements is recommended. Infants and Children are affects in all ages, but most severely infants, who experience the highest age-specific incidence and account for almost all Chickenpox hospitalizations and deaths. ^{(17, 18, 19)}

Research Goal: Case of Chickenpox in the Khost post graduated hospital from the 1399/06/01 to 1399/12/30.

Methodology: This is a descriptive study that was conducted in the form of a case series. This study was conducted on 43 patients affected by chicken pox.

Dust and Ice in the Interstellar Medium

Nastaran Ochmas — Thu, 29 Feb 2024 00:00:00 +0000

In this paper, we present an introduction to bare dust particles and grains covered by ice sheets in diffuse and dense interstellar clouds. It follows the life cycle of dust from its formation in stellar environments to its incorporation into the body of the Solar system. Dust particles play an important role in the physics and chemistry of many space environments. Regarding dust composition, two different populations are generally observed: silicate and carbonaceous dust. Energetic processing of ice layers with UV rays, X – rays or cosmic rays, after which the heat leads to the formation of complex organic molecules; some of them have prebiotic properties. Delivery of this organic fraction to the early Earth by meteorites and asteroids may have contributed to the origin of life.

Examining the Use of Lenses

Nastaran Ochmas — Tue, 28 Feb 2023 00:00:00 +0000

Lenses are an important topic of light physics. The inverse of the focal distance of any lens is called the convergence of that lens, if the unit of measurement of the focal distance is meters, then the unit of measurement of convergence is diopters. In terms of physics, the lens of the eye can be defined as a convex lens. Eyes that can see far but cannot see near, usually convex lenses are used to correct it. Various images in lenses and their use in optical instruments, including magnifiers, microscopes, binoculars, projectors, are used in a wide range of applications. In this article, such precious and valuable examples have been pointed out in a manner that encourages our mind and senses to continue it.

Eu3+ Doped CoFe2O4 Nanoparticles with XRD and FTIR Analysis

Sathish Boddolla, D. Ravinder — Sun, 28 Apr 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Pure and Eu³⁺ doped cobalt ferrite nanoparticles with the formula CoEu_xFe_2-xO₄(x = 0.00,0.10) were synthesized by citrate gel auto combustion method. X-ray diffraction analysis validated both the phase formation and purity of the synthesized nanoparticles. The Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of the sample were meticulously recorded within the spectral range of 200-1000 cm^-1. This analysis provided insights into the formation of the spinel structure.

Effect of Enteric Fever on Hematological Cells Parameters

Dr. Israr Ullah Rahimee, Dr. Mohammad Azim Azimee — Tue, 23 Apr 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Salmonella typhoid and paratyphoid are the agents that cause Enteric fever (Typhoid fever). It is primarily a disease of developing countries because of poor sanitation standards.

Fever is a prominent and well-known feature of the illness that increases steadily to a maximum degree. The hematological criteria of an affected individual are changed by this infectious disease. To ascertain the different hematological cells parameters in our sample population, we conducted the investigation.

Patients and Methodology: The study, which involved 100 Afghans, was carried out at the Nangarhar University Teaching Hospital between June and November of 2022.

A case-control study design was used. Fifty individuals (Cases) who had a confirmed diagnosis of Enteric fever (Typhoid fever) based on typhoid (IgG and IgM) were included in the study. As a control group, fifty healthy individuals with negative typhoid (IgG and IgM) results and no other complaints were included in the study.

For both the case and control groups, a complete blood count was performed. Hemoglobin (Hb), White Blood Cell Count (WBC), and Platelet Count (PLT) are regarded as hematological markers. Every patient was also interviewed, and a questionnaire was employed. Numerous demographic factors were questioned, including sex, age, economic status, level of education, and clinical symptoms. SPSS version 16 was then used to analyze the collected data.

Results. In the current research, over all 100 patients were enrolled (50 were case, and 50 were control group). The mean age± SD of the patients under the study were 38.74±15.22 years. The most common hematological changes observed were; anemia (32%), thrombocytopenia (24%), leukocytosis (8%) & leucopenia (22%). Fever was the most common presenting symptom (78%) and abdominal symptoms were about 38%. Most of the people were of lower socioeconomic state and were uneducated.

Conclusion: This study shows that Enteric fever is bacterial infection and are acquired by enteral route. This disease commonly affects people of low socioeconomical states and those that are uneducated. Fever was the most commonly presenting symptom in these patients. Enteric fever causes changes in the hematological cells parameters which is probably due to bone marrow suppression, which is transient and shows response to therapy.

New Insights on N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) Receptor Under Combinatorial Molecular Docking and MD Simulation Studies Using Natural Bioactive Compounds Against Neurodegenerative Diseases

Tue, 14 May 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Neurodegenerative diseases pose a significant challenge, and novel therapeutic strategies are urgently needed. N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor is reported to play a critical role in the central nervous system and has emerged as a potential target for drug discovery. This study explored the potential scope of natural bioactive compounds as ligands for the NMDA receptor using current advances of docking studies with molecular dynamic (MD) simulations. An extensive virtual screening of 500 natural compounds were executed based on wide scientific literature and bibliography search. Docking simulations identified promising candidates with favorable binding affinities, with the top compounds - DL-Alanosine, and Zeinoxanthin (PubChem CIDs 153353 and 5281234) exhibiting exceptionally high docking scores of -6.6 and -6.4, against NMDA respectively. Further, MD simulations suggested the stability of the top-scoring compounds in complex with the NMDA receptor. These findings will provide a new insights to researchers and scientists on proceeding with new alternatives on the investigation of natural bioactive compounds as therapeutic lead candidates for targeting various receptors like NMDA in neurodegenerative diseases. However, in vitro and in vivo studies are warranted to validate these results and elucidate the underlying mechanisms of action.

Effect of Precision Application of Nutrients on, Growth, Yield, Quality and Nutrient Use Efficiency in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Cv. Pearson

Hekmatullah Zaland, Aimal Nahiz, Mohammad Yar Malakzai, Saifullah Mangal — Tue, 16 Apr 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The investigation was conducted to study the Effect of precision application of nutrients on yield, quality and nutrient use efficiency in tomato (cv. Pearson). The experiment was carried out at Bolan Research Farm, Helmand, Afghanistan during the year 2021. The experiment was laid out in (RCBD) designed having three replications, each replication consisted of 10 treatments. The treatments comprised of T₁: Fertilizers Urea + DAP + MOP (140:60:60 kg/ha), T₂: Fertilizers Urea + DAP + MOP (70:30:30 kg/ha), T₃: Fertilizers + Nutrient Solution Urea + DAP + MOP + NPK + Urea (70:30:30 + 70:30:30), T₄: Fertilizers + Nutrient Solution Urea + DAP + MOP + MAP + Urea + MOP (70:30:30 + 70:30:30), T₅: Fertilizers + Nutrient Solution Urea + DAP + MOP + NPK + Urea (70:30:30 + 55:24:24), T₆: Fertilizers + Nutrient Solution Urea + DAP + MOP + VAM MAP + Urea + MOP (70:30:30 + 55:24:24), T₇: Fertilizers + Nutrient Solution Urea + DAP + MOP + NPK + Urea (70:30:30 + 42:18:18), T₈: Fertilizers + Nutrient Solution Urea + DAP + MOP + VAM MAP + Urea + MOP (70:30:30 + 42:18:18), T_9: RDF Urea + DAP + MOP (137.5:62.5:60) and T₁₀: Control (No fertilizer). The result confirmed that integrated application of nutrient significantly affected all growth, yield and yield traits of tomato hence, the tallest plant (133.33cm), maximum No. of branches plant^-1 (31.67), No. of fruit plant^{-1 (}67.33), large polar diameter (8.33cm), large equatorial diameter (8.33cm), average yield plant^-1₍6.13 kg), total yield (344.00 q/ha), total soluble content (4.61 %), dry matter content (5.02%) were recorded in the plots were treated with T₈ (Urea + DAP + MOP + VAM MAP + Urea + MOP) (70:30:30 + 42:18:18) except the fruits weight(g) and average fruit weight (g) as compared to other treated plots,. Generally, all fertilized plots showed positive & better performance as compared to control plots (no treated plots). We concluded from the result that all treatments regarding their efficient effect and economical use were ranked as (T₈> T₉> T₇> T₆> T₅> T₄> T₃> T₂> T₁> T_Control) for all growth, yield and yield characters of tomato (cv. Pearson) in research area.

Synergism Activity of Pyoluteorin with Some Antibiotic Against Urinary Tract Infections Pathogens

Haider Hamid Khudiar, Sulaiman Dawod Sulaiman, Tiba Ayad Ahmed Sezae — Sun, 28 Apr 2024 00:00:00 +0000

On some pathogenic bacteria isolated from the urinary tract, the antibacterial activity of pyroluteorin in combination with other antibiotics was studied. Pyoluteorin was extracted from Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from rhizospheric soil in Baghdad City. Fifty isolates belongs to Urinary Tract Infection were isolated, and the diagnosis was made using cultivars and biochemical tests, and confirmed using Viteck 2 system. Ten isolates each of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae, six of Proteus mirabilis, four of Acinetobacter baumannii, three of Serratia marcescens, and four of Enterobacter cloacae were among the bacterial isolates, gram-positive bacteria including Streptococcus agalactiae (3 isolates), Staphylococcus aureus (6 isolates) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (2 isolates). All isolates were tested for susceptibility test against 10 different antibiotics (Nalidixic acid, Tetracycline, Amoxicillin, Trimethoprin, Ampicillin, salbactam, Norfloxacin, Levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin and Amikacin). The outcomes indicated that 91% and 82% of resistance were reported for nalidixic acid and tetracycline, respectively, whereas 9% of resistance was found for amikacin.