Fluoride-Induced Hepatic Dysfunction in Channa punctatus: Dose-Dependent Alterations in Enzymatic Biomarkers
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.55544/jrasb.3.6.29Keywords:
Fluoride toxicity, Biomarkers, GOT, GPT, ALP, ACP, Channa punctatus, HepatotoxicityAbstract
Fluoride contamination of freshwater ecosystems is an emerging environmental concern due to its persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxic effects on aquatic organisms. Fish, being continuously exposed to aquatic pollutants, serve as sensitive bioindicators of fluoride-induced toxicity. The present study evaluates hepatotoxic effects of fluoride in Channa punctatus using enzymatic biomarkers, including glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and acid phosphatase (ACP). Fish were exposed to two sub-lethal concentrations of fluoride under controlled laboratory conditions for a defined period. Enzyme activities were quantified in liver tissue to assess metabolic disruption, hepatocellular damage, and lysosomal activation. Results demonstrated a significant, dose-dependent increase in all enzymes compared to the control group. Transaminase elevation reflected impaired amino acid metabolism, whereas increased phosphatase activities indicated cellular degeneration and membrane damage. Behavioral changes, such as reduced swimming activity and surfacing, were observed in fluoride-treated groups. These findings confirm the suitability of multiple enzymatic biomarkers for early detection of fluoride toxicity. The study provides mechanistic insights into fluoride-induced biochemical disturbances and highlights their ecological relevance for biomonitoring in freshwater ecosystems.
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