Electrochemical Sensing of Textile Dyes Using Graphene Oxide: A Comprehensive Review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.55544/jrasb.4.5.3Keywords:
Graphene oxide, Electrochemical sensor, Textile dyes, Water pollution, Azo dyes, Differential pulse voltammetry, Nanocomposites, Environmental monitoring, Wastewater analysis, Sustainable remediationAbstract
The widespread use of synthetic textile dyes has raised grave environmental and public health concerns owing to their persistence, toxicity, and prevalence in industrial effluents. Electrochemical sensing offers a sensitive, rapid, and cost-effective method for detecting toxic dyes at trace levels. Graphene oxide (GO) — with its large surface area, abundant oxygenated functional groups, excellent electrical conductivity after reduction, and facile chemical tunability — has emerged as a versatile material for constructing high-performance dye sensors. This review highlights the successes in real-sample analysis (wastewater, industrial effluents, and textile rinse waters). It identifies persistent challenges, such as fouling, matrix interferences, long-term stability, and scale-up for field deployment. This comprehensive overview aims to guide researchers and practitioners towards robust, field-ready GO-based electrochemical sensors for sustainable dye monitoring and remediation.
Downloads
References
Adane, T., Adugna, A.T., Alemayehu, E., 2021. Textile Industry Effluent Treatment Techniques. J. Chem. 2021, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5314404
Ahamad, Z., Bhat, A.S., Nasar, A., 2025. High-performance magnetic graphene oxide/alginate hydrogel for efficient malachite green removal. J. Water Process Eng. 70, 107024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2025.107024
Alves, T., Deroco, P., Wachholz Junior, D., Vidotto, L., Kubota, L., 2021. Wireless Wearable Electrochemical Sensors: A Review. Braz. J. Anal. Chem. 8. https://doi.org/10.30744/brjac.2179-3425.RV-62-2020
Ananda Murthy, H.C., Gebremedhn Kelele, K., Ravikumar, C.R., Nagaswarupa, H.P., Tadesse, A., Desalegn, T., 2021. Graphene-supported nanomaterials as electrochemical sensors: A mini review. Results Chem. 3, 100131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rechem.2021.100131
Anik, S.M.H., Gao, X., Meng, N., Agee, P.R., McCoy, A.P., 2022. A cost-effective, scalable, and portable IoT data infrastructure for indoor environment sensing. J. Build. Eng. 49, 104027. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2022.104027
Anliker, R., Clarke, E.A., 1982. International Regulation of Chemicals — Implications for Organic Colorants. J. Soc. Dye. Colour. 98, 42–55. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-4408.1982.tb03618.x
Arora, S., 2014. Textile Dyes: It’s Impact on Environment and its Treatment. J. Bioremediation Biodegrad. 05. https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-6199.1000e146
Banat, I.M., Nigam, P., Singh, D., Marchant, R., 1996. Microbial decolorization of textile-dyecontaining effluents: A review. Bioresour. Technol. 58, 217–227. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(96)00113-7
Baranwal, J., Barse, B., Gatto, G., Broncova, G., Kumar, A., 2022. Electrochemical Sensors and Their Applications: A Review. Chemosensors 10, 363. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors10090363
Battat, S., Weitz, D.A., Whitesides, G.M., 2022. An outlook on microfluidics: the promise and the challenge. Lab. Chip 22, 530–536. https://doi.org/10.1039/D1LC00731A
Ben Mansour, H., Houas, I., Montassar, F., Ghedira, K., Barillier, D., Mosrati, R., Chekir-Ghedira, L., 2012. Alteration of in vitro and acute in vivo toxicity of textile dyeing wastewater after chemical and biological remediation. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 19, 2634–2643. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-012-0802-7
Benjamin, S.R., Miranda Ribeiro Júnior, E.J., 2022. Graphene-Based electrochemical sensors for detection of environmental pollutants. Curr. Opin. Environ. Sci. Health 29, 100381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coesh.2022.100381
Benkhaya, S., M’ Rabet, S., El Harfi, A., 2020. A review on classifications, recent synthesis and applications of textile dyes. Inorg. Chem. Commun. 115, 107891. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inoche.2020.107891
Berradi, M., Hsissou, R., Khudhair, M., Assouag, M., Cherkaoui, O., El Bachiri, A., El Harfi, A., 2019. Textile finishing dyes and their impact on aquatic environs. Heliyon 5, e02711. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02711
Bocu, R., 2024. Extended Review Concerning the Integration of Electrochemical Biosensors into Modern IoT and Wearable Devices. Biosensors 14, 214. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios14050214
Bulin, C., Guo, T., 2023. Partially reduced graphene oxide as an efficient adsorbent towards ionic dyes and interaction mechanism. J. Mol. Liq. 391, 123436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2023.123436
Caprioli, F., Quercia, L., 2014. Ethylene detection methods in post-harvest technology: A review. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 203, 187–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2014.06.109
Çelik, M., Silah, H., Uslu, B., 2025. Electrochemical Sensors for Water Analysis, in: Manjunatha, J.G. (Ed.), ACS Symposium Series. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, pp. 73–105. https://doi.org/10.1021/bk-2025-1496.ch004
Coroş, M., Pruneanu, S., Stefan-van Staden, R.-I., 2020. Review—Recent Progress in the Graphene-Based Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors. J. Electrochem. Soc. 167, 037528. https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0282003JES
C.R., M., M., L., Y.L., J., L., S., R.T., R.K., 2017. Adsorption behaviour of reduced graphene oxide towards cationic and anionic dyes: Co-action of electrostatic and π – π interactions. Mater. Chem. Phys. 194, 243–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2017.03.048
Department of Textile Engineering, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, Bangladesh, Islam, Md.T., Islam, Tarekul, Department of Textile Engineering, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, Bangladesh, Islam, Tarikul, ZR Research Institute for Advanced Materials, Sherpur, Bangladesh, Repon, Md.R., Department of Production Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Design, Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania, 2022. Synthetic Dyes for Textile Colouration: Process, Factors and Environmental Impact. Text. Leather Rev. 5, 327–373. https://doi.org/10.31881/TLR.2022.27
Dos Santos, A.B., Cervantes, F.J., Van Lier, J.B., 2007. Review paper on current technologies for decolourisation of textile wastewaters: Perspectives for anaerobic biotechnology. Bioresour. Technol. 98, 2369–2385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2006.11.013
Drumond Chequer, F.M., De Oliveira, G.A.R., Anastacio Ferraz, E.R., Carvalho, J., Boldrin Zanoni, M.V., De Oliveir, D.P., 2013. Textile Dyes: Dyeing Process and Environmental Impact, in: Gunay, M. (Ed.), Eco-Friendly Textile Dyeing and Finishing. InTech. https://doi.org/10.5772/53659
Dutt, S., Singh, A., Mahadeva, R., Sundramoorthy, A.K., Gupta, V., Arya, S., 2024. A reduced graphene oxide-based electrochemical sensing and eco-friendly 4-nitrophenol degradation. Diam. Relat. Mater. 141, 110554. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diamond.2023.110554
Dzulkurnain, N.A., Mokhtar, M., Rashid, J.I.A., Knight, V.F., Wan Yunus, W.M.Z., Ong, K.K., Mohd Kasim, N.A., Mohd Noor, S.A., 2021. A Review on Impedimetric and Voltammetric Analysis Based on Polypyrrole Conducting Polymers for Electrochemical Sensing Applications. Polymers 13, 2728. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13162728
Ederer, J., Ecorchard, P., Slušná, M.Š., Tolasz, J., Smržová, D., Lupínková, S., Janoš, P., 2022. A Study of Methylene Blue Dye Interaction and Adsorption by Monolayer Graphene Oxide. Adsorpt. Sci. Technol. 2022, 7385541. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/7385541
Fu, L., Zheng, Y., Li, X., Liu, X., Lin, C.-T., Karimi-Maleh, H., 2023. Strategies and Applications of Graphene and Its Derivatives-Based Electrochemical Sensors in Cancer Diagnosis. Molecules 28, 6719. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28186719
Ganie, A.S., Bashar, N., Bano, S., Hijazi, S., Sultana, S., Sabir, S., Khan, M.Z., 2023. Development and application of redox active GO supported CeO2/In2O3 nanocomposite for photocatalytic degradation of toxic dyes and electrochemical detection of sulfamaxole. Surf. Interfaces 38, 102774. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfin.2023.102774
Gautam, A., Dabral, H., Singh, Awantika, Tyagi, S., Tyagi, N., Srivastava, D., Kushwaha, H.R., Singh, Anu, 2024. Graphene-based metal/metal oxide nanocomposites as potential antibacterial agents: a mini-review. Biomater. Sci. 12, 4630–4649. https://doi.org/10.1039/D4BM00796D
Georgakilas, V., Tiwari, J.N., Kemp, K.C., Perman, J.A., Bourlinos, A.B., Kim, K.S., Zboril, R., 2016. Noncovalent Functionalization of Graphene and Graphene Oxide for Energy Materials, Biosensing, Catalytic, and Biomedical Applications. Chem. Rev. 116, 5464–5519. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00620
Ghalkhani, M., Ghorbani-Bidkorbeh, F., 2019. Development of Carbon Nanostructured Based Electrochemical Sensors for Pharmaceutical Analysis. Iran. J. Pharm. Res. 18. https://doi.org/10.22037/ijpr.2019.1100645
Grieshaber, D., MacKenzie, R., Vörös, J., Reimhult, E., 2008. Electrochemical Biosensors - Sensor Principles and Architectures. Sensors 8, 1400–1458. https://doi.org/10.3390/s80314000
Guerrero-Fajardo, C.A., Giraldo, L., Moreno-Pirajan, J.C., 2025. Isotherm, thermodynamic, and kinetic studies of dye adsorption on graphene oxides with varying oxidation degrees. Results Eng. 26, 104558. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2025.104558
Hassan, M.H., Khan, R., Andreescu, S., 2022. Advances in electrochemical detection methods for measuring contaminants of emerging concerns. Electrochem. Sci. Adv. 2, e2100184. https://doi.org/10.1002/elsa.202100184
Hayat, M., Shah, A., Nisar, J., Shah, I., Haleem, A., Ashiq, M.N., 2022. A Novel Electrochemical Sensing Platform for the Sensitive Detection and Degradation Monitoring of Methylene Blue. Catalysts 12, 306. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal12030306
He, S., Yuan, Y., Nag, A., Feng, S., Afsarimanesh, N., Han, T., Mukhopadhyay, S.C., Organ, D.R., 2020. A Review on the Use of Impedimetric Sensors for the Inspection of Food Quality. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health 17, 5220. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17145220
Ibrahim, A., Klopocinska, A., Horvat, K., Abdel Hamid, Z., 2021. Graphene-Based Nanocomposites: Synthesis, Mechanical Properties, and Characterizations. Polymers 13, 2869. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13172869
Irfan, M., Shah, A., Iftikhar, F.J., Hayat, M., Ashiq, M.N., Shah, I., 2022. Electrochemical Sensing Platform Based on Functionalized Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes and Metal Oxide for the Detection and Degradation Studies of Orange II Dye. ACS Omega 7, 32302–32312. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.2c03641
Islam, M., Mostafa, M., 2019. Textile Dyeing Effluents and Environment Concerns - A Review. J. Environ. Sci. Nat. Resour. 11, 131–144. https://doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v11i1-2.43380
Janata, J., 2010. Principles of chemical sensors, 2. ed., corr. at 2. printing. ed. Springer, Dordrecht Berlin Heidelberg.
Jayaraman, N., Palani, Y., Jonnalagadda, R.R., Shanmugam, E., 2022a. Covalently dual functionalized graphene oxide-based multiplex electrochemical sensor for Hg(II) and Cr(VI) detection. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 367, 132165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2022.132165
Joshi, N.C., Gururani, P., 2022. Advances of graphene oxide based nanocomposite materials in the treatment of wastewater containing heavy metal ions and dyes. Curr. Res. Green Sustain. Chem. 5, 100306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crgsc.2022.100306
Justino, D.D., Alves, M.O., Galvão, B.R.L., Santamaría, R., De Sousa, F.B., Ortega, P.F.R., 2023. The effects of functionalization on graphene oxide for organic dye adsorption: An experimental-theoretical study using electronic structure calculations and statistical mechanical modeling. J. Mol. Liq. 387, 122612. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2023.122612
Khan, N.A., Jahan, Z., Iqbal, N., Niazi, M.B., Mehek, R., 2025. Synergistic electrochemical performance of textile sludge based activated carbon with reduced graphene oxide as electrode for supercapacitor application. Waste Manag. 191, 274–283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2024.11.015
Kolatoğlu, R., Aydin, E., Demir, M., Yildiz, A., Karakuş, S., Tüzün, E., Beköz Üllen, N., Taşaltın, N., Kilislioğlu, A., 2020. A Novel Electrochemical Sensor for the Detection of Reactive Red Dye to Determine Water Quality, in: Tasaltin, N., Sunday Nnamchi, P., Saud, S. (Eds.), Advanced Functional Materials. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92280
Liu, T., Guo, L., Wang, M., Su, C., Wang, D., Dong, H., Chen, J., Wu, W., 2023. Review on Algorithm Design in Electronic Noses: Challenges, Status, and Trends. Intell. Comput. 2, 0012. https://doi.org/10.34133/icomputing.0012
Manami, R.B., Megalamani, M.B., Kalkhambkar, R.G., Nandibewoor, S.T., Adarakatti, P.S., Arshad, M., Narasimharao, K., 2025a. NiWO₄/reduced graphene oxide modified electrode for ultra-sensitive nanomolar detection of Cu(II) and Hg(II) in environmental samples. Diam. Relat. Mater. 159, 112772. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diamond.2025.112772
Obeidat, Y.M., Rawashdeh, A.M., 2025a. Electrochemical lead detection in water using Nafion coated platinum electrodes: A sensitive approach. Results Chem. 102745. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rechem.2025.102745
Pengsomjit, U., Alabdo, F., Karuwan, C., Kraiya, C., Alahmad, W., Ozkan, S.A., 2025. Innovative Graphene-Based Nanocomposites for Improvement of Electrochemical Sensors: Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications. Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem. 55, 1259–1277. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408347.2024.2343854
Pumera, M., Ambrosi, A., Bonanni, A., Chng, E.L.K., Poh, H.L., 2010. Graphene for electrochemical sensing and biosensing. TrAC Trends Anal. Chem. 29, 954–965. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2010.05.011
Qin, R., Zhang, Y., Xu, H., Nie, P., 2024. Gold Nanoparticle-Modified Electrodes for Electrochemical Sensing of Ammonia Nitrogen in Water. ACS Appl. Nano Mater. 7, 577–593. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.3c04757
Queijo, A.R., Frydel, L., Valente, A., Styszko, K., Rego, R., 2025. Emerging contaminants: the application of a homemade electrochemical IoT-enabled device to solve a global challenge. Electrochimica Acta 532, 146395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2025.146395
Ramirez, C.A., Thiruppathi, A.R., Ozoemena, O., Chen, A., 2024. Recent advances in graphene oxide-based electrochemical sensors. Can. J. Chem. 102, 667–681. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjc-2024-0010
Rowley-Neale, S.J., Randviir, E.P., Abo Dena, A.S., Banks, C.E., 2018. An overview of recent applications of reduced graphene oxide as a basis of electroanalytical sensing platforms. Appl. Mater. Today 10, 218–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmt.2017.11.010
Roy, S., Soin, N., Bajpai, R., Misra, D.S., McLaughlin, J.A., Roy, S.S., 2011. Graphene oxide for electrochemical sensing applications. J. Mater. Chem. 21, 14725. https://doi.org/10.1039/c1jm12028j
Saeed, A., Khalid, S., Naeem Anjum, M., 2024. Challenges and Opportunities: Conducting Polymer‐Graphene based Nanocomposites of Metal Oxides and Metal Sulfides for Supercapacitors. ChemistrySelect 9, e202303527. https://doi.org/10.1002/slct.202303527
Sainz-Urruela, C., Vera-López, S., San Andrés, M.P., Díez-Pascual, A.M., 2021. Graphene-Based Sensors for the Detection of Bioactive Compounds: A Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 22, 3316. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22073316
Saputra, H.A., 2023. Electrochemical sensors: basic principles, engineering, and state of the art. Monatshefte Für Chem. - Chem. Mon. 154, 1083–1100. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00706-023-03113-z
Sarakatsanou, C., Karastogianni, S., Girousi, S., 2023. Promising Electrode Surfaces, Modified with Nanoparticles, in the Sensitive and Selective Electroanalytical Determination of Antibiotics: A Review. Appl. Sci. 13, 5391. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095391
Shah, N.S., Thotathil, V., Zaidi, S.A., Sheikh, H., Mohamed, M., Qureshi, A., Sadasivuni, K.K., 2022. Picomolar or beyond Limit of Detection Using Molecularly Imprinted Polymer-Based Electrochemical Sensors: A Review. Biosensors 12, 1107. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12121107
Shan, Q., Tian, J., Ding, Q., Wu, W., 2022a. Electrochemical sensor based on metal-free materials composed of graphene and graphene oxide for sensitive detection of cadmium ions in water. Mater. Chem. Phys. 284, 126064. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2022.126064
Shen, Y., Zhao, S., Lv, Y., Chen, F., Fu, L., 2024. Acid red dyes and the role of electrochemical sensors in their determination. Microchem. J. 207, 111705. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2024.111705
Shirsat, M.D., Hianik, T., 2023. Electrochemical Detection of Heavy Metal Ions Based on Nanocomposite Materials. J. Compos. Sci. 7, 473. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs7110473
Singh, S., Naik, T.S.S.K., Anil, A.G., Khasnabis, S., Nath, B., U, B., Kumar, V., Garg, V.K., Subramanian, S., Singh, J., Ramamurthy, P.C., 2022a. A novel CaO nanocomposite cross linked graphene oxide for Cr(VI) removal and sensing from wastewater. Chemosphere 301, 134714. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134714
Sinha, A., Dhanjai, Stavrakis, A.K., Stojanović, G.M., 2022. Textile-based electrochemical sensors and their applications. Talanta 244, 123425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123425
Sreelekshmi, M G, G., Murali, A.S., Sajeevan, B., Saraswathyamma, B., 2025. An enhanced electrochemical sensing platform for indigo carmine dye based on electrodeposited Fe2O3–RuO2 nanoparticles as a modifier. Mater. Chem. Phys. 337, 130591. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2025.130591
Sunaina, Kaur, H., Kumari, N., Sharma, A., Sachdeva, M., Mutreja, V., 2022. Optical and electrochemical microfluidic sensors for water contaminants: A short review. Mater. Today Proc. 48, 1673–1679. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.09.534
Talarposhti, A.M., Donnelly, T., Anderson, G.K., 2001. Colour removal from a simulated dye wastewater using a two-phase Anaerobic packed bed reactor. Water Res. 35, 425–432. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(00)00280-3
Thangamuthu, M., Hsieh, K.Y., Kumar, P.V., Chen, G.-Y., 2019. Graphene- and Graphene Oxide-Based Nanocomposite Platforms for Electrochemical Biosensing Applications. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 20, 2975. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20122975
Uliana, C.V., Yamanaka, H., 2020. Simple, fast, and ultrasensitive method for textile dye determination based on luminol electrochemiluminescence (ECL) inhibition. J. Solid State Electrochem. 24, 1927–1933. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-020-04571-9
Vassileva, P., Tumbalev, V., Kichukova, D., Voykova, D., Kovacheva, D., Spassova, I., 2023. Study on the Dye Removal from Aqueous Solutions by Graphene-Based Adsorbents. Materials 16, 5754. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16175754
Velusamy, S., Roy, A., Sundaram, S., Kumar Mallick, T., 2021a. A Review on Heavy Metal Ions and Containing Dyes Removal Through Graphene Oxide‐Based Adsorption Strategies for Textile Wastewater Treatment. Chem. Rec. 21, 1570–1610. https://doi.org/10.1002/tcr.202000153
Verma, G., Gokarna, A., Kadiri, H., Nomenyo, K., Lerondel, G., Gupta, A., 2023. Multiplexed Gas Sensor: Fabrication Strategies, Recent Progress, and Challenges. ACS Sens. 8, 3320–3337. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.3c01244
Wang, Y., Nie, Z., Li, X., Zhao, Y., Wang, H., 2021. Highly sensitive and selective electrochemical sensor based on porous graphitic carbon nitride/CoMn2O4 nanocomposite toward heavy metal ions. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 346, 130539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2021.130539
Yadav, S., Singh Raman, A.P., Meena, H., Goswami, A.G., Bhawna, Kumar, V., Jain, P., Kumar, G., Sagar, M., Rana, D.K., Bahadur, I., Singh, P., 2022. An Update on Graphene Oxide: Applications and Toxicity. ACS Omega 7, 35387–35445. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.2c03171
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Yashika, Chhavi Manocha, Shashank Sharma
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
10.55544/jrasb
editor@jrasb.com or mailtojrasb@gmail.com | 
+91-8874396939
This work is licensed under a 