Review on Diagnosis, Treatment and Medication for Dysmenorrhea for Young to Old Age Women
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.55544/jrasb.4.1.5Keywords:
Dysmenorrhea, Diagnosis, treatment, pain-managementAbstract
Dysmenorrhea, commonly known as menstrual pain, is a prevalent condition affecting a significant portion of women during their reproductive years. It is typically categorized into two types: primary and secondary. Primary dysmenorrhea is characterized by menstrual pain in the absence of underlying gynecological disorders, while secondary dysmenorrhea is caused by identifiable conditions such as endometriosis or fibroids. The pathophysiology of dysmenorrhea involves complex interactions between hormonal, inflammatory, and neurological factors, with prostaglandin production being a key contributor to uterine contractions and pain. The severity of symptoms can range from mild discomfort to debilitating pain, significantly impacting daily activities, quality of life, and mental health. Treatment options include pharmacological interventions such as NSAIDs, hormonal therapies, and non-pharmacological approaches like physical therapy, acupuncture, and lifestyle modifications. However, management strategies often depend on the underlying cause, particularly in secondary dysmenorrhea. Despite the high prevalence, many women do not seek medical help, which highlights the need for increased awareness and better access to care. This review explores the current understanding of dysmenorrhea’s etiology, diagnostic approach, and various treatment modalities, aiming to provide an overview of the condition and suggest areas for future research and improvement in patient care.
Downloads
Metrics
References
Iacovides S, Avidon I, Baker FC. What we know about primary dysmenorrhea today: a critical review. Hum Reprod Update. 2015;21:762–78. doi: 10.1093/humupd/dmv039.
Chen CX, Shieh C, Draucker CB, Carpenter JS. Reasons women do not seek health care for dysmenorrhea. J Clin Nurs. 2018;27:e301–8. doi: 10.1111/jocn.13946.
Proctor M, Farquhar C. Diagnosis and management of dysmenorrhoea. BMJ. 2006;332:1134–8. doi: 10.1136/bmj.332.7550.1134.
Sharghi M, Mansurkhani SM, Larky DA, Kooti W, Niksefat M, Firoozbakht M, et al. An update and systematic review on the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. JBRA Assist Reprod. 2019;23:51–7. doi: 10.5935/1518-0557.20180083.
Proctor ML, Farquhar CM. Dysmenorrhoea. BMJ Clin Evid. 2007;2007:0813.
Chen L, Tang L, Guo S, Kaminga AC, Xu H. Primary dysmenorrhea and self-care strategies among Chinese college girls: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2019;9:e026813. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-026813.
Rafique N, Al-Sheikh MH. Prevalence of menstrual problems and their association with psychological stress in young female students studying health sciences. Saudi Med J. 2018;39:67–73. doi: 10.15537/smj.2018.1.21438.
Morrow C, Naumburg EH. Dysmenorrhea. Prim Care. 2009;36:19–32. doi: 10.1016/j.pop.2008.10.004.
Parra-Fernandez ML, Onieva-Zafra MD, Abreu-Sanchez A, Ramos-Pichardo JD, Iglesias-Lopez MT, Fernandez-Martinez E. Management of primary dysmenorrhea among university students in the south of Spain and family influence. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17:5570. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17155570.
Mendiratta V, Lentz GM. In: Comprehensive gynecology. 7th ed. Lobo RA, Gershenson DM, Lentz GM, editors. Philadelphia (PA): Elsevier Inc; 2017. Primary and secondary dysmenorrhea, premenstrual syndrome, and premenstrual dysphoric disorder; pp. 815–28.
Latthe P, Mignini L, Gray R, Hills R, Khan K. Factors predisposing women to chronic pelvic pain: systematic review. BMJ. 2006;332:749–55. doi: 10.1136/bmj.38748.697465.55.
Osayande AS, Mehulic S. Diagnosis and initial management of dysmenorrhea. Am Fam Physician. 2014;89:341–6.
Burnett M, Lemyre M. No. 345: primary dysmenorrhea consensus guideline. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2017;39:585–95. doi: 10.1016/j.jogc.2016.12.023.
Abreu-Sanchez A, Parra-Fernandez ML, Onieva-Zafra MD, Ramos-Pichardo JD, Fernandez-Martinez E. Type of dysmenorrhea, menstrual characteristics and symptoms in nursing students in southern Spain. Healthcare (Basel) 2020;8:302. doi: 10.3390/healthcare8030302.
Bernardi M, Lazzeri L, Perelli F, Reis FM, Petraglia F. Dysmenorrhea and related disorders. F1000Res. 2017;6:1645. doi: 10.12688/f1000research.11682.1.
Ju H, Jones M, Mishra G. The prevalence and risk factors of dysmenorrhea. Epidemiol Rev. 2014;36:104–13. doi: 10.1093/epirev/mxt009. [
Kuphal GJ. In: Integrative medicine. 4th ed. Rakel D, editor. Philadelphia (PA): Elsevier Inc; 2018. Dysmenorrhea; pp. 569–77.
Borgelt LM, Gunning KM. In: Applied therapeutics: the clinical use of drugs. 11th ed. Zeind CS, Carvalho MG, editors. Philadelphia (PA): Wolter Kluwer; 2018. Disorders related to the menstrual cycle; pp. 1005–27.
Unsal A, Ayranci U, Tozun M, Arslan G, Calik E. Prevalence of dysmenorrhea and its effect on quality of life among a group of female university students. Ups J Med Sci. 2010;115:138–45. doi: 10.3109/03009730903457218.
Abu Helwa HA, Mitaeb AA, Al-Hamshri S, Sweileh WM. Prevalence of dysmenorrhea and predictors of its pain intensity among Palestinian female university students. BMC Womens Health. 2018;18:18. doi: 10.1186/s12905-018-0516-1.
Wong CL. Health-related quality of life among Chinese adolescent girls with dysmenorrhoea. Reprod Health. 2018;15:80. doi: 10.1186/s12978-018-0540-5.
Barcikowska Z, Rajkowska-Labon E, Grzybowska ME, Hansdorfer-Korzon R, Zorena K. Inflammatory markers in dysmenorrhea and therapeutic options. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17:1191. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17041191.
Chan WY, Hill JC. Determination of menstrual prostaglandin levels in non-dysmenorrheic and dysmenorrheic subjects. Prostaglandins. 1978;15:365–75. doi: 10.1016/0090-6980(78)90176-4.
Dawood MY. Primary dysmenorrhea: advances in pathogenesis and management. Obstet Gynecol. 2006;108:428–41. doi: 10.1097/01.AOG.0000230214.26638.0c.
Calis KA, Dang DK, Kalantaridou SN, Erogul M. New York (NY): Medscape; 2019. Dysmenorrhea: practice essentials, background, pathophysiology [Internet] [cited 2021 Mar 8]. Available from: https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/253812-overview.
Agarwal AK, Agarwal A. A study of dysmenorrhea during menstruation in adolescent girls. Indian J Community Med. 2010;35:159–64. doi: 10.4103/0970-0218.62586.
Matthewman G, Lee A, Kaur JG, Daley AJ. Physical activity for primary dysmenorrhea: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2018;219:255.e1–255.e20. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2018.04.001.
Jones AV, Hockley J, Hyde C, Gorman D, Sredic-Rhodes A, Bilsland J, et al. Genome-wide association analysis of pain severity in dysmenorrhea identifies association at chromosome 1p13.2, near the nerve growth factor locus. Pain. 2016;157:2571–81. doi: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000678
Kho KA, Shields JK. Diagnosis and management of primary dysmenorrhea. JAMA. 2020;323:268–9. doi: 10.1001/jama.2019.16921.
ACOG committee opinion no. 760: dysmenorrhea and endometriosis in the adolescent. Obstet Gynecol. 2018;132:e249–58. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000002978.
Brandt A, Agarwal N, Giri D, Yung Z, Didi M, Senniappan S. Hyperinsulinism hyperammonaemia (HI/HA) syndrome due to GLUD1 mutation: phenotypic variations ranging from late presentation to spontaneous resolution. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2020;33:675–9. doi: 10.1515/jpem-2019-0416.
Katz JN, Smith SR, Collins JE, Solomon DH, Jordan JM, Hunter DJ, et al. Cost-effectiveness of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and opioids in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis in older patients with multiple comorbidities. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2016;24:409–18. doi: 10.1016/j.joca.2015.10.006.
Marjoribanks J, Ayeleke RO, Farquhar C, Proctor M. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for dysmenorrhoea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;2015:CD001751. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD001751.pub3.
Oladosu FA, Tu FF, Hellman KM. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug resistance in dysmenorrhea: epidemiology, causes, and treatment. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2018;218:390–400. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2017.08.108.
Lazzaroni M, Bianchi Porro G. Gastrointestinal side-effects of traditional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and new formulations. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2004;20 Suppl 2:48–58. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2004.02037.x.
Duggan KC, Walters MJ, Musee J, Harp JM, Kiefer JR, Oates JA, et al. Molecular basis for cyclooxygenase inhibition by the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug naproxen. J Biol Chem. 2010;285:34950–9. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M110.162982.
Harel Z. Dysmenorrhea in adolescents and young adults: an update on pharmacological treatments and management strategies. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2012;13:2157–70. doi: 10.1517/14656566.2012.725045.
Ryan SA. The treatment of dysmenorrhea. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2017;64:331–42. doi: 10.1016/j.pcl.2016.11.004.
Wong CL, Farquhar C, Roberts H, Proctor M. Oral contraceptive pill for primary dysmenorrhoea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;2009:CD002120. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002120.pub3.
Curtis KM, Tepper NK, Jatlaoui TC, Berry-Bibee E, Horton LG, Zapata LB, et al. U.S. medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use, 2016. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2016;65:1–103. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.rr6503a1.
Department of Reproductive Health . Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015. Medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use [Internet] [cited 2021 Mar 9]. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241549158. [PubMed]
Lindh I, Ellstrom AA, Milsom I. The effect of combined oral contraceptives and age on dysmenorrhoea: an epidemiological study. Hum Reprod. 2012;27:676–82. doi: 10.1093/humrep/der417.
Maguire K, Westhoff C. The state of hormonal contraception today: established and emerging noncontraceptive health benefits. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2011;205(4 Suppl):S4–8. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2011.06.056.
Lefebvre G, Pinsonneault O, Antao V, Black A, Burnett M, Feldman K, et al. Primary dysmenorrhea consensus guideline. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2005;27:1117–46. doi: 10.1016/s1701-2163(16)30395-4.
Hinz B, Brune K. Paracetamol and cyclooxygenase inhibition: is there a cause for concern? Ann Rheum Dis. 2012;71:20–5. doi: 10.1136/ard.2011.200087.
Dawood MY, Khan-Dawood FS. Clinical efficacy and differential inhibition of menstrual fluid prostaglandin F2alpha in a randomized, double-blind, crossover treatment with placebo, acetaminophen, and ibuprofen in primary dysmenorrhea. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2007;196:35.e1–5. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2006.06.091.
Chen CX, Carpenter JS, LaPradd M, Ofner S, Fortenberry JD. Perceived ineffectiveness of pharmacological treatments for dysmenorrhea. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2021;30:1334–43. doi: 10.1089/jwh.2020.8581.
Armour M, Parry K, Al-Dabbas MA, Curry C, Holmes K, MacMillan F, et al. Self-care strategies and sources of knowledge on menstruation in 12,526 young women with dysmenorrhea: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2019;14:e0220103. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220103.
Armour M, Smith CA, Steel KA, Macmillan F. The effectiveness of self-care and lifestyle interventions in primary dysmenorrhea: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2019;19:22. doi: 10.1186/s12906-019-2433-8.
Nie W, Xu P, Hao C, Chen Y, Yin Y, Wang L. Efficacy and safety of over-the-counter analgesics for primary dysmenorrhea: a network meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020;99:e19881. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000019881.
Daley AJ. Exercise and primary dysmenorrhoea: a comprehensive and critical review of the literature. Sports Med. 2008;38:659–70. doi: 10.2165/00007256-200838080-00004.
Jo J, Lee SH. Heat therapy for primary dysmenorrhea: a systematic review and meta-analysis of its effects on pain relief and quality of life. Sci Rep. 2018;8:16252. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-34303-z.
Subasinghe AK, Happo L, Jayasinghe YL, Garland SM, Gorelik A, Wark JD. Prevalence and severity of dysmenorrhoea, and management options reported by young Australian women. Aust Fam Physician. 2016;45:829–34.
Bai HY, Bai HY, Yang ZQ. Effect of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation therapy for the treatment of primary dysmenorrheal. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017;96:e7959. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000007959.
Jung JK, Byun JS, Choi JK. Basic understanding of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation. J Oral Med Pain. 2016;41:145–54. [
Peng WW, Tang ZY, Zhang FR, Li H, Kong YZ, Iannetti GD, et al. Neurobiological mechanisms of TENS-induced analgesia. Neuroimage. 2019;195:396–408. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.03.077.
Johnson M. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation: mechanisms, clinical application and evidence. Rev Pain. 2007;1:7–11. doi: 10.1177/204946370700100103.
Wang SF, Lee JP, Hwa HL. Effect of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on primary dysmenorrhea. Neuromodulation. 2009;12:302–9. doi: 10.1111/j.1525-1403.2009.00226.x.
Igwea SE, Tabansi-Ochuogu CS, Abaraogu UO. TENS and heat therapy for pain relief and quality of life improvement in individuals with primary dysmenorrhea: a systematic review. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2016;24:86–91. doi: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2016.05.001.
Johnson MI, Paley CA, Howe TE, Sluka KA. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for acute pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;2015:CD006142. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD006142.pub3
Gibson W, Wand BM, Meads C, Catley MJ, O’Connell NE. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for chronic pain: an over- view of Cochrane Reviews. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019;4:CD011890. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD011890.pub3.
Proctor ML, Latthe PM, Farquhar CM, Khan KS, Johnson NP. Surgical interruption of pelvic nerve pathways for primary and secondary dysmenorrhoea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;(4):CD001896. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD001896.pub2.
Berner E, Qvigstad E, Myrvold AK, Lieng M. Pain reduction after total laparoscopic hysterectomy and laparoscopic supracervical hysterectomy among women with dysmenorrhoea: a randomised controlled trial. BJOG. 2015;122:1102–11. doi: 10.1111/1471-0528.13362.
Bourdel N, Alves J, Pickering G, Ramilo I, Roman H, Canis M. Systematic review of endometriosis pain assessment: how to choose a scale? Hum Reprod Update. 2015;21:136–52. doi: 10.1093/humupd/dmu046.
Harlow SD, Campbell OM. Epidemiology of menstrual disorders in developing countries: a systematic review. BJOG. 2004;111(1):6–16. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2004.00012.x
Mendiratta V, Lentz GM. 35 - Primary and secondary dysmenorrhea, premenstrual syndrome, and premenstrual dysphoric disorder: etiology, Diagnosis, Management. In: Gershenson DM, Lentz GM, Valea FA, Lobo RA, editors. Comprehensive Gynecology. Eighth Edition) ed. Elsevier; 2022:768–780.e4.
Bernardi M, Lazzeri L, Perelli F, Reis FM, Petraglia F. Dysmenorrhea and related disorders. F1000Res. 2017;6:1645. doi: 10.12688/f1000research.11682.1
Guimaraes I, Povoa AM. Primary Dysmenorrhea: assessment and Treatment. Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia / RBGO Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2020;42(8):501–507. doi: 10.1055/s-0040-1712131
Powell AM, Chan WY, Alvin P, Menstrual-PGF2 Alpha LIF. PGE2 and TXA2 in normal and dysmenorrheic women and their temporal relationship to dysmenorrhea. Prostaglandins. 1985;29(2):273–290. doi: 10.1016/0090-6980(85)90208-4
Dmitrovic R. Transvaginal color Doppler study of uterine blood flow in primary dysmenorrhea. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2000;79(12):1112–1116. doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0412.2000.0790121112.x
Cashman JN. The mechanisms of action of NSAIDs in analgesia. Drugs. 1996;52 Suppl 5(Supplement 5):13–23. doi: 10.2165/00003495-199600525-00004
Nie W, Xu P, Hao C, Chen Y, Yin Y, Wang L. Efficacy and safety of over-the-counter analgesics for primary dysmenorrhea: a network meta-analysis. Medicine. 2020;99(19):e19881. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000019881
Marjoribanks J, Ayeleke RO, Farquhar C, Proctor M. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for dysmenorrhoea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;2015(7):CD001751. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD001751.pub3
Feng X, Wang X. Comparison of the efficacy and safety of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for patients with primary dysmenorrhea: a network meta-analysis. Mol Pain. 2018;14:1744806918770320. doi: 10.1177/1744806918770320
SRK AM. Dysmenorrhea in adult females: treatment. In: Eckler RLBK, editor UpToDate. 2023.1:1.
Di Girolamo G, Sánchez AJ, Los Santos AR D, González CD. Is Acetaminophen, and its combination with pamabrom, an effective therapeutic option in primary dysmenorrhoea? Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2004;5(3):561–570. doi: 10.1517/14656566.5.3.561
Ali Z, Burnett I, Eccles R, et al. Efficacy of a paracetamol and caffeine combination in the treatment of the key symptoms of primary dysmenorrhoea. Curr Med Res Opin. 2007;23(4):841–851. doi: 10.1185/030079907x182239
Schroll JB, Black AY, Farquhar C, Chen I. Combined oral contraceptive pill for primary dysmenorrhoea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023;7(7):CD002120. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002120.pub4
Roumen FJ. The contraceptive vaginal ring compared with the combined oral contraceptive pill: a comprehensive review of randomized controlled trials. Contraception. 2007;75(6):420–429. doi: 10.1016/j.contraception.2007.01.013
Audet MC, Moreau M, Koltun WD, et al. Evaluation of contraceptive efficacy and cycle control of a transdermal contraceptive patch vs an oral contraceptive: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2001.;285(18):2347–2354. 10.1001/jama.285.18.2347.
Baldaszti E, Wimmer-Puchinger B, Loschke K. Acceptability of the long-term contraceptive levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (Mirena): a 3-year follow-up study. Contraception. 2003;67(2):87–91. doi: 10.1016/s0010-7824(02)00482-1
Niu X, Luo Q, Wang C, Zhu L, Huang L. Effects of Etonogestrel implants on pelvic pain and menstrual flow in women suffering from adenomyosis or endometriosis: results from a prospective, observational study. Medicine. 2021;100(6):e24597. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000024597
Walch K, Unfried G, Huber J, et al. Implanon versus medroxyprogesterone acetate: effects on pain scores in patients with symptomatic endometriosis--A pilot study. Contraception. 2009;79(1):29–34. doi: 10.1016/j.contraception.2008.07.017
Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Analogues. LiverTox. 2012;1:1.
Yan H, Shi J, Li X, et al. Oral gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonists for treating endometriosis-associated pain: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Fertil Steril. 2022;118(6):1102–1116. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2022.08.856
Armour M, Parry K, Al-Dabbas MA, et al. Self-care strategies and sources of knowledge on menstruation in 12,526 young women with dysmenorrhea: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2019;14(7):e0220103. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220103
Metheny WP, Smith RP. The relationship among exercise, stress, and primary dysmenorrhea. J Behav Med. 1989;12(6):569–586. doi: 10.1007/BF00844826
Pascoe MC, Thompson DR, Ski CF. Yoga, mindfulness-based stress reduction and stress-related physiological measures: a meta-analysis. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2017;86:152–168. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.08.008
Febbraio MA. Exercise and inflammation. J Appl Physiol. 2007;103(1):376–377. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00414.2007 [
Carroquino-Garcia P, Jimenez-Rejano JJ, Medrano-Sanchez E, de la Casa-Almeida M, Diaz-Mohedo E, Suarez-Serrano C. Therapeutic Exercise in the Treatment of Primary Dysmenorrhea: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Phys Ther. 2019;99(10):1371–1380. doi: 10.1093/ptj/pzz101
Armour M, Ee CC, Naidoo D, et al. Exercise for dysmenorrhoea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2019.;9(9):Cd004142. 10.1002/14651858.CD004142.pub4.
Pattanittum P, Kunyanone N, Brown J, et al. Dietary supplements for dysmenorrhoea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016.;3(3):CD002124. 10.1002/14651858.CD002124.pub2.
Sinclair J, Abbott J, Proudfoot A, Armour M. The Place of Cannabinoids in the Treatment of Gynecological Pain. Drugs. 2023;83(17):1571–1579. doi: 10.1007/s40265-023-01951-z
Carrubba AR, Ebbert JO, Spaulding AC, DeStephano D, DeStephano CC. Use of Cannabis for Self-Management of Chronic Pelvic Pain. J Womens Health. 2021;30(9):1344–1351. doi: 10.1089/jwh.2020.8737
Denney DR, Gerrard M. Behavioral treatments of primary dysmenorrhea: a review. Behav Res Ther. 1981;19(4):303–312. doi: 10.1016/0005-7967(81)90051-6
Proctor ML, Murphy PA, Pattison HM, Suckling J, Farquhar CM. Behavioural interventions for primary and secondary dysmenorrhoea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;(3):CD002248. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002248.pub3
Lewis RJ, Wasserman E, Denney NW, Gerrard M. The etiology and treatment of primary dysmenorrhea: a review. Clinic Psychol Rev. 1983;3(3):371–389. doi: 10.1016/0272-7358(83)90020-X
Rezvani S, Taghian F, Valiani M. The effect of aquatic exercises on primary dysmenorrhoea in nonathlete girls. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res. 2013;18(5):378–383.
Malgorzata Wojcik KP. APPLICATION PHYSIOTHERAPY AND BALNEOCLIMATOLOGY IN GYNAECOLOGY. Acta Balneol. 2022;LXV(176):253–262. doi: 10.36740/ABAL202304110
Ke Y-M, Ou M-C, Ho C-K, Lin Y-S, Liu H-Y, Chang W-A. Effects of somatothermal far-infrared ray on primary dysmenorrhea: a pilot study. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012;2012:240314. doi: 10.1155/2012/240314
Machado AFP, Perracini MR, Rampazo ÉP, Driusso P, Liebano RE. Effects of thermotherapy and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on patients with primary dysmenorrhea: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial. Complement Ther Med. 2019;47:102188. doi: 10.1016/j.ctim.2019.08.022
Jo J, Lee SH. Heat therapy for primary dysmenorrhea: a systematic review and meta-analysis of its effects on pain relief and quality of life. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):16252. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-34303-z
Mu J, Furlan AD, Lam WY, Hsu MY, Ning Z, Lao L. Acupuncture for chronic nonspecific low back pain.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020;12(12):CD013814. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD013814
Cheong KB, Zhang J-P, Huang Y, Zhang Z-J, Baradaran HR. The Effectiveness of Acupuncture in Prevention and Treatment of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting - A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS One. 2013;8(12):e82474. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082474
Yuan QL, Wang P, Liu L, et al. Acupuncture for musculoskeletal pain: a meta-analysis and meta-regression of sham-controlled randomized clinical trials. Sci Rep 2016.;6(1):30675. 10.1038/srep30675.
Bashir, S., Farooq, Z., Zafar, S., Tufail, T., Ain, H. B. U., Hussain, M., ... & Nyarko, R. O. (2023). Recording Postprandial Glucose Reactions with Potato Starch Structural Improvements. International Journal of Food Science, 2023(1), 1263896.
Chae Y, Chang DS, Lee SH, et al. Inserting needles into the body: a meta-analysis of brain activity associated with acupuncture needle stimulation. J Pain. 2013;14(3):215–222. doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2012.11.011
Han JS. Acupuncture: neuropeptide release produced by electrical stimulation of different frequencies. Trends Neurosci. 2003;26(1):17–22. doi: 10.1016/s0166-2236(02)00006-1
Karatay S, Okur SC, Uzkeser H, Yildirim K, Akcay F. Effects of Acupuncture Treatment on Fibromyalgia Symptoms, Serotonin, and Substance P Levels: a Randomized Sham and Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. Pain Med. 2018;19(3):615–628. doi: 10.1093/pm/pnx263
Parrish TB, Schaeffer A, Catanese M, Rogel MJ. Functional magnetic resonance imaging of real and sham acupuncture. Noninvasively measuring cortical activation from acupuncture. IEEE Eng Med Biol Mag. 2005;24(2):35–40. doi: 10.1109/memb.2005.1411346
Zhang RX, Lao L, Wang L, et al. Involvement of opioid receptors in electroacupuncture-produced anti-hyperalgesia in rats with peripheral inflammation. Brain Res 2004.;1020(1–2):12–17. 10.1016/j.brainres.2004.05.067.
Smith CA, Armour M, Zhu X, Li X, Lu ZY, Song J. Acupuncture for dysmenorrhoea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016. 4(4):CD007854. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007854.pub3 [
Kumar, R., Saha, P., Kumar, Y., Sahana, S., Dubey, A., & Prakash, O. (2020). A review on diabetes mellitus: type1 & Type2. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 9(10), 838-850.
Kumar, R., Saha, P., Lokare, P., Datta, K., Selvakumar, P., & Chourasia, A. (2022). A systemic review of Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi): Morphological characteristics, phytoconstituents and therapeutic applications. International Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, 9(2), 221-226.
Kumar, R., & Saha, P. (2022). A review on artificial intelligence and machine learning to improve cancer management and drug discovery. International Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, 9(3), 149-156.
Bind, A., Das, S., Singh, V. D., Kumar, R., Chourasia, A., & Saha, P. (2020). Natural bioactives for the potential management of gastric ulceration. Turkish Journal of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, 32(3), 221-226.
Johnson M. Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation: mechanisms, Clinical Application and Evidence. Rev Pain. 2007;1(1):7–11
Nyarko, R. O., Awuchi, C. G., Kumar, R., Boateng, E., Kahwa, I., Boateng, P. O., ... & Saha, P. (2022). Effect of Calotropis Procera Extract on Appetitte, Body Weight & Lipid Profile in Cafeteria Diet Induced Obesity in Experimental Animal. Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, 1(3), 107-113.
Elboim-Gabyzon M, Kalichman L. Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) for Primary Dysmenorrhea: an Overview. Int J Womens Health. 2020;12:1–10. doi: 10.2147/IJWH.
Greig J, Mak Q, Furrer MA, Sahai A, Raison N. Sacral neuromodulation in the management of chronic pelvic pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurourol Urodyn Apr. 2023;42(4):822–836. doi: 10.1002/nau.25167
Wyatt SN, Banahan T, Tang Y, Nadendla K, Szychowski JM, Jenkins TR. Effect of Radiofrequency Endometrial Ablation on Dysmenorrhea. J Minim Invasive Gynecol. 2016;23(7):1163–1166.
Chen FP, Soong YK. The efficacy and complications of laparoscopic presacral neurectomy in pelvic pain. Obstet Gynecol. 1997;90(6):974–977. doi: 10.1016/s0029-7844(97)00484-5
Daniels J, Gray R, Hills RK, et al. Laparoscopic uterosacral nerve ablation for alleviating chronic pelvic pain: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2009;302(9):955–961. 10.1001/jama.2009.1268
Proctor ML, Latthe PM, Farquhar CM, Khan KS, Johnson NP. Surgical interruption of pelvic nerve pathways for primary and secondary dysmenorrhoea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;(4):CD001896. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD001896.pub2
Itani R, Soubra L, Karout S, Rahme D, Karout L, Khojah HMJ. Primary Dysmenorrhea: pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment Updates. Korean J Fam Med. 2022;43(2):101–108
ACOG. Dysmenorrhea and Endometriosis in the Adolescent. ACOG Committee Opinion. 2018;132(6):e249–e258.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Ketuvinuo Sothu, Arti Kori, Shivanad Patil
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
10.55544/jrasb
editor@jrasb.com or mailtojrasb@gmail.com | 
+91-8874396939
This work is licensed under a 