Viral Hepatitis

Mawladad Tobagar; Saeed Khan Sadaqat; Karimullah Tobagar

doi:10.55544/jrasb.2.6.33

Authors

Dr. Mawladad Tobagar Wadie Helmand Institute of Higher Education, Helmand, AFGHANISTAN.
Dr. Saeed Khan Sadaqat Wadie Helmand Institute of Higher Education, Helmand, AFGHANISTAN.
Dr. Karimullah Tobagar Wadie Helmand Institute of Higher Education, Helmand, AFGHANISTAN.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.55544/jrasb.2.6.33

Keywords:

Viral hepatitis, hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis D virus (HDV), hepatitis E virus (HEV)

Abstract

Background: The primary goals of conducting surveillance for viral hepatitis are to direct prevention and control activities for these diseases and to evaluate the impact of these activities. Any person with a hepatitis virus infection is a potential source of infection to others. Surveillance would help accomplish the goals by providing information on:

Creating a network of laboratories for diagnosis of viral hepatitis. 2. Monitor trends in incidence of and risk factors for disease.
Assess burden of disease 4. Identify infected persons requiring counseling and /or post exposure prophylaxis. 5. Identify and control outbreaks.

Methodology: Laboratory based targeted sousveillance in sentinel geographical regions/population. Clinical Case Definition: An acute illness with discrete onset of symptoms (e.g., fatigue, abdominal pain, loss of appetite, intermittent nausea, vomiting), and jaundice. (sourcewww.cdc.gov.in) NCDC will be the nodal agency for implementation of the project.

Results: HBV, HCV and HDV are transmitted through contaminated blood or blood components or through the use of contaminated needles and syringes. In several populations, a common route of transmission of HBV infection is from infected pregnant women to their infants around the time of delivery. In many people with HBV or HCV infection, no route of transmission can be identified. In addition, specific vaccines and/or passive immune prophylaxis (use of specific immunoglobulin products) are also useful in preventing transmission of some infections. and also HAV vaccine is the most effective method for specific pre-exposure prophylaxis. and two different vaccines based on inactivated cell culture are available. Both vaccines are highly antigenic, especially in adults, and induce protective antibody levels in more than 95% of recipients after the first dose of vaccine. Individuals at high risk of repeated exposure to HBV, such as personnel Health Care Anti-HBs titer should be evaluated one month after the third dose. An Anti-HBs titer of 10 IU/L (or 10 mIU/mL) is protective. After reaching this titer, there is no need for further booster doses.

Conclusion: Viral hepatitis is a systemic infection affecting predominantly the liver and causing its inflammation. It may be acute (recent infection, relatively rapid onset) or chronic. Viral hepatitis is caused by infection with one of the five known hepatotropic viruses, which are named as hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis D virus (HDV), and hepatitis E virus (HEV), respectively. These viruses are quite divergent in their structure, epidemiology, routes of transmission, incubation period, clinical presentations, natural history, diagnosis, and preventive and treatment options.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

References

Batham A, Narula D, Toteja T, Sreenivas V, Puliyel JM. Sytematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence of hepatitis B in India. Indian Pediatric 2007; 44: 663-74

Indian Council of Medical Research. Minutes of Expert group meeting on Hepatitis B and HIV vaccines. New Delhi: Indian Council of Medical Research; 2010

Choudhury. Epidemiology of hepatitis B virus infection in India. Hep B Annu. 2004; 1:17–24

Batham A, Narula D, Toteja T, Sreenivas V, Puliyel JM. Sytematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence of hepatitis B in India. Indian Pediatr 2007; 44: 663-74

Patel DA, Gupta PA, Kinariwala DM, Shah HS, Trivedi GR, Vegad MM. An investigation of an outbreak of viral hepatitis B in Modasa town, Gujarat, India. J Glob Infect Dis. 2012 Jan;4(1):55-9

Ajit Sood, Shiv Kumar Sarin, Vandana Midha, Syed Hissar, Neena Sood, Pankaj Bansal et al. Prevalence of hepatitis C virus in a selected geographical area of northern India: a populatio based survey. Indian J Gastroenterol. 2012; 31(5):232–236.

Verma R, Behera BK, Jain RB, Arora V, Chayal V, Gill PS.. Hepatitis C, a silent threat to the community of Haryana, India: a community-based study. Australas Med J. 2014 Jan 31;7(1):11- 6

Phukan AC, Sharma SK, Das HK, Mahanta J. HCV activity in an isolated community in north east India. Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 2001 Oct;44(4):403-5

Chelleng PK, Borkakoty BJ, Chetia M, Das HK, Mahanta J. Risk of hepatitis C infection among injection drug users in Mizoram, India. Indian J Med Res. 2008 Nov;128(5):640-6

On the Frontline of Northeast India. Evaluating a Decade of Harm Reduction in Manipur and Nagaland Translational institute. 2011. Available from:

http://www.tni.org/sites/www.tni.org/files/download/On the Frontline of Northeast India.pdf

As his mukhopadhya]. Hepatitis C in India. J. Biosci. 2008;33: 465–473…..Chandra M et al. Prevalence, risk factors and genotype distribution of HCV and HBV infection in the tribal population: a community based study in south India. Trop Gastroenterol. 2003 OctDec;24(4):193-5

NCDC Newsletter. January-March 2014 Volume 3, Issue 1: p 12

Patra S, Kumar A, Trivedi SS, et al. Maternal and fetal outcomes in pregnant women with acute hepatitis E virus infection. Ann Intern Med 2007; 147:28

Longo DL, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J, editors. Harrison's principles of internal medicine. 18th ed. New York: McGraw Hill; 2012.