Nanotechnology in Materials Science: A Decade of Progress (2014-2024)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.55544/jrasb.4.5.18Keywords:
Precision cosmology, Type Ia Supernovae, Cosmic Microwave Background, Baryon Acoustic Oscillations, Cosmological parameter degeneracy, ΛCDM model, Dark energyAbstract
Between 2014 and 2024 nanotechnology ceased to be an emerging modifier attached to materials science and became one of its organising principles. This review examines that transition through three domains in which the change is unambiguous: two-dimensional materials, nanostructured electrochemical energy storage, and machine-learning-guided materials discovery. The decade is characterised less by the discovery of new nanoscale phenomena than by the consolidation of methods for producing, measuring, and predicting them. Exfoliation gave way to reproducible wafer-scale growth; nanostructured silicon and layered carbides moved from single-cell demonstrations toward qualified components; and interatomic potentials trained on density-functional data began to substitute for the calculations that generated them. Progress has nonetheless been uneven. The interval between a first publication and an industrially qualified product has not shortened appreciably, and attrition during scale-up remains the principal constraint on the field. Six figures summarise output growth, decade milestones, electrode architecture, performance boundaries, application readiness, and translation attrition. The review closes by arguing that the binding constraint has shifted from synthesis to reproducible manufacture and from data scarcity to data quality.
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